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<body><div class="head">
<p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
<img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" />
</a>
</p>
<h1 id="title" class="title">
JSON-LD
API
1.0
</h1>
<h2 id="subtitle">
An
Application
Programming
Interface
for
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
</h2>
<h2 id="w3c-editor-s-draft-30-august-2012">
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
<del class="diff-old">Working
</del>
</abbr>
<ins class="diff-chg">Editor's
</ins>
Draft
<del class="diff-old">12
July
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">30
August
</ins>
2012
</h2>
<dl>
<dt>
This
version:
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-json-ld-api-20120712/
</del>
<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120830/index.html">
<ins class="diff-chg">http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/ED/json-ld-api/20120830/index.html
</ins>
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
Latest
published
version:
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/">
http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld-api/
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
Latest
editor's
draft:
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html">
http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/json-ld/raw-file/default/spec/latest/json-ld-api/index.html
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
Editors:
</dt>
<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://manu.sporny.org/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Manu
Sporny
</a>,
<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Gregg
Kellogg
</a>,
<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Kellogg
Associates
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<del class="diff-old">Dave
Longley
,
Digital
Bazaar
</del>
<dd inlist="" rel="bibo:editor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Markus
Lanthaler
</a>,
<a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Graz
University
of
Technology
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dt>
Authors:
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Dave Longley" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Dave
Longley
</a>,
<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" content="Manu Sporny" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Manu
Sporny
</a>,
<a href="http://digitalbazaar.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://greggkellogg.net/" content="Gregg Kellogg" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Gregg
Kellogg
</a>,
<a href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Kellogg
Associates
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/" content="Markus Lanthaler" property="foaf:name" rel="foaf:homepage">
Markus
Lanthaler
</a>,
<a href="http://www.tugraz.at/" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">
Graz
University
of
Technology
</a>
</span>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
This
document
is
also
available
in
this
non-normative
format:
<a href="diff-20120712.html">
diff
to
previous
version
</a>
</p>
<p class="copyright">
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
Copyright
</a>
©
2010-2012
<a href="http://www.w3.org/">
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
</a>
<sup>
®
</sup>
(
<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/">
<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">
MIT
</abbr>
</a>,
<a href="http://www.ercim.eu/">
<abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">
ERCIM
</abbr>
</a>,
<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">
Keio
</a>
),
All
Rights
Reserved.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">
liability
</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">
trademark
</a>
and
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">
document
use
</a>
rules
apply.
</p>
<hr />
</div>
<section id="abstract" class="introductory">
<h2>
Abstract
</h2>
<p>
JSON
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
]
has
proven
to
be
a
highly
useful
object
serialization
and
messaging
format.
JSON-LD
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
JSON-LD
</a>
</cite>
]
harmonizes
the
representation
of
Linked
Data
in
JSON
by
outlining
a
common
JSON
representation
format
for
expressing
directed
graphs;
mixing
both
Linked
Data
and
non-Linked
Data
in
a
single
document.
This
document
outlines
an
Application
Programming
Interface
and
a
set
of
algorithms
for
programmatically
transforming
JSON-LD
documents
in
order
to
make
them
easier
to
work
with
in
programming
environments
like
JavaScript,
Python,
and
Ruby.
</p>
</section>
<section class="introductory" id="sotd">
<h2>
Status
of
This
Document
</h2>
<p>
<em>
This
section
describes
the
status
of
this
document
at
the
time
of
its
publication.
Other
documents
may
supersede
this
document.
A
list
of
current
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
publications
and
the
latest
revision
of
this
technical
report
can
be
found
in
the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
technical
reports
index
</a>
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.
</em>
</p>
<p>
This
document
has
been
under
development
for
over
18
months
in
the
JSON
for
Linking
Data
Community
Group.
The
document
has
recently
been
transferred
to
the
RDF
Working
Group
for
review,
improvement,
and
publication
along
the
Recommendation
track.
<del class="diff-old">While
this
is
a
First
Public
Working
Draft
publication,
the
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">The
</ins>
specification
has
undergone
significant
development,
review,
and
changes
during
the
course
of
the
last
18
<del class="diff-old">months
and
is
more
mature
than
the
First
Public
Working
Draft
status
implies.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">months.
</ins>
</p>
<p>
There
are
currently
<a href="http://json-ld.org/#impl">
five
interoperable
implementations
</a>
of
this
specification.
There
is
a
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/test-suite">
fairly
complete
test
suite
</a>
and
a
<a href="http://json-ld.org/playground/">
live
JSON-LD
editor
</a>
that
is
capable
of
demonstrating
the
features
described
in
this
document.
While
development
on
implementations,
the
test
suite
and
the
live
editor
will
continue,
they
are
believed
to
be
mature
enough
to
be
integrated
into
a
non-production
system
at
this
point
in
time
with
the
expectation
that
they
could
be
used
in
a
production
system
within
the
next
year.
</p>
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">1
</del>
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
It
is
important
for
readers
to
understand
that
the
scope
of
this
document
is
currently
under
debate
and
new
features
may
be
added
to
the
specification.
Existing
features
may
be
modified
heavily
or
removed
entirely
from
the
specification
upon
further
review
and
feedback
from
the
broader
community.
This
is
a
work
in
progress
and
publication
as
a
First
Public
Working
Draft
does
not
require
that
all
Working
Group
members
agree
on
the
content
of
the
document.
</p>
</div>
<p>
This
document
was
published
by
the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/">
RDF
Working
Group
</a>
as
<del class="diff-old">a
First
Public
Working
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
Editor's
</ins>
Draft.
<del class="diff-old">This
document
is
intended
to
become
a
W3C
Recommendation.
</del>
If
you
wish
to
make
comments
regarding
this
document,
please
send
them
to
<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments@w3.org">
public-rdf-comments@w3.org
</a>
(
<a href="mailto:public-rdf-comments-request@w3.org?subject=subscribe">
subscribe
</a>,
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
archives
</a>
).
All
feedback
is
welcome.
</p>
<p>
Publication
as
<del class="diff-old">a
Working
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
Editor's
</ins>
Draft
does
not
imply
endorsement
by
the
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
Membership.
This
is
a
draft
document
and
may
be
updated,
replaced
or
obsoleted
by
other
documents
at
any
time.
It
is
inappropriate
to
cite
this
document
as
other
than
work
in
progress.
</p>
<p>
This
document
was
produced
by
a
group
operating
under
the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">
5
February
2004
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
Patent
Policy
</a>.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
maintains
a
<a rel="disclosure" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/46168/status">
public
list
of
any
patent
disclosures
</a>
made
in
connection
with
the
deliverables
of
the
group;
that
page
also
includes
instructions
for
disclosing
a
patent.
An
individual
who
has
actual
knowledge
of
a
patent
which
the
individual
believes
contains
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">
Essential
Claim(s)
</a>
must
disclose
the
information
in
accordance
with
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">
section
6
of
the
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">
W3C
</abbr>
Patent
Policy
</a>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="toc">
<h2 class="introductory">
Table
of
Contents
</h2>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#preface" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.
</span>
Preface
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#contributing" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.1
</span>
Contributing
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.
</span>
Introduction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.1
</span>
Expansion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2
</span>
Compaction
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#conversion-to-and-from-rdf" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3
</span>
Conversion
to
and
from
RDF
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#framing-and-normalization" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.4
</span>
Framing
and
Normalization
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.
</span>
The
Application
Programming
Interface
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#general-terminology" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.1
</span>
General
Terminology
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.2
</span>
JsonLdProcessor
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.2.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3
</span>
Callbacks
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3.1
</span>
JsonLdCallback
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3.1.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3.2
</span>
QuadCallback
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods-2" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3.2.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4
</span>
Data
Structures
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.1
</span>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.2
</span>
JsonLdOptions
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#dictionary-jsonldoptions-members" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-new">3.4.2.1
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Dictionary
</ins><span class="formerLink"><code><ins class="diff-new">
JsonLdOptions
</ins></code></span><ins class="diff-new">
Members
</ins></a></li></ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#quad" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.3
</span>
Quad
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.3.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#node" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.4
</span>
Node
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.5
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.5.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.6
</span>
Blank
Node
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-2" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.6.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#literal" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.7
</span>
Literal
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-3" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4.7.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.
</span>
Algorithms
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.1
</span>
Algorithm
Terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.2
</span>
Context
Processing
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.3
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.4
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.4.1
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.4.2
</span>
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.5
</span>
Value
Expansion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.6
</span>
Value
Compaction
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#expansion-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.7
</span>
Expansion
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.7.1
</span>
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#compaction-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.8
</span>
Compaction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.8.1
</span>
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#flattening" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
4.9
</span>
<ins class="diff-new">Flattening
</ins></a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
4.9.1
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
Algorithm
</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#node-map-generation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
4.9.2
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Node
Map
Generation
</ins></a></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
4.9.3
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</ins></a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref"><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
4.10
</ins></span>
RDF
Conversion
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.1
</ins>
</span>
Overview
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#parsing-examples" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.2
</ins>
</span>
Parsing
Examples
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.3
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.3
</ins>
</span>
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.4
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.4
</ins>
</span>
List
Conversion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.5
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.5
</ins>
</span>
Convert
from
RDF
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
5.
</span>
Data
Round
Tripping
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<del class="diff-old">A.
Initial
Context
</del>
<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">B.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">A.
</ins>
</span>
Acknowledgements
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">C.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">B.
</ins>
</span>
References
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">C.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">B.1
</ins>
</span>
Normative
references
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">C.2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">B.2
</ins>
</span>
Informative
references
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="preface">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
1.
</span>
Preface
</h2>
<p>
This
document
is
a
detailed
specification
for
an
Application
Programming
Interface
for
the
JSON-LD
Syntax.
The
document
is
primarily
intended
for
the
following
audiences:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Web
authors
and
developers
that
want
a
very
detailed
view
of
how
a
JSON-LD
processor
and
the
API
operates.
</li>
<li>
Software
developers
that
want
to
implement
processors
and
APIs
for
JSON-LD.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
To
understand
the
basics
in
this
specification
you
must
first
be
familiar
with
JSON,
which
is
detailed
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
].
You
must
also
understand
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
JSON-LD
</a>
</cite>
],
which
is
the
base
syntax
used
by
all
of
the
algorithms
in
this
document.
To
understand
the
API
and
how
it
is
intended
to
operate
in
a
programming
environment,
it
is
useful
to
have
working
knowledge
of
the
JavaScript
programming
language
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
ECMA-262
</a>
</cite>
]
and
WebIDL
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
WEBIDL
</a>
</cite>
].
To
understand
how
JSON-LD
maps
to
RDF,
it
is
helpful
to
be
familiar
with
the
basic
RDF
concepts
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
].
</p>
<section id="contributing">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
1.1
</span>
Contributing
</h3>
<p>
There
are
a
number
of
ways
that
one
may
participate
in
the
development
of
this
specification:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
If
you
want
to
make
sure
that
your
feedback
is
formally
addressed
by
the
RDF
Working
Group,
you
should
send
it
to
public-rdf-comments:
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-comments/">
public-rdf-comments@w3.org
</a>
</li>
<li>
Ad-hoc
technical
discussion
primarily
occurs
on
the
public
community
mailing
list:
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
public-linked-json@w3.org
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
Public
JSON-LD
Community
Group
teleconferences
</a>
are
held
on
Tuesdays
at
1500UTC
every
week.
</li>
<li>
RDF
Working
Group
teleconferences
are
held
on
Wednesdays
at
1500UTC
every
week.
Participation
is
limited
to
RDF
Working
Group
members.
</li>
<li>
Specification
bugs
and
issues
should
be
reported
in
the
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
issue
tracker
</a>
if
you
do
not
want
to
send
an
e-mail
to
the
public-rdf-comments
mailing
list.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/master/spec">
Source
code
</a>
for
the
specification
can
be
found
on
Github.
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">
#json-ld
</a>
IRC
channel
is
available
for
real-time
discussion
on
irc.freenode.net.
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="introduction">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
2.
</span>
Introduction
</h2>
<p>
The
JSON-LD
Syntax
specification
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
JSON-LD
</a>
</cite>
]
outlines
a
language
that
may
be
used
to
express
Linked
Data
in
JSON.
Often,
it
is
useful
to
be
able
to
transform
JSON-LD
documents
so
that
they
may
be
easily
processed
in
a
programming
environment
like
JavaScript,
Python
or
Ruby.
</p>
<p>
There
are
three
major
types
of
transformation
that
are
discussed
in
this
document;
compaction,
expansion,
and
RDF
conversion.
</p>
<section id="expansion">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.1
</span>
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Software
algorithms
are
easiest
to
write
when
the
data
that
they
are
processing
have
a
regular
form.
Since
information
can
be
represented
by
JSON-LD
in
a
variety
of
different
ways,
transforming
all
of
these
methods
into
a
uniform
structure
allows
the
developer
to
simplify
their
processing
code.
For
example,
note
that
the
following
input
uses
only
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
and
is
fairly
compact:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 1</span></div><pre class="example">var input1 = {
  &quot;@context&quot;: &quot;http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld&quot;
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
next
input
example
uses
one
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
to
express
a
property,
but
leaves
the
rest
of
the
information
untouched.
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 2</span></div><pre class="example">var input2 = {
  &quot;@context&quot;: &quot;http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld&quot;
  &quot;<span class="diff">http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name</span>&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
While
both
inputs
are
valid
JSON-LD,
writing
a
program
to
handle
every
permutation
of
possible
inputs
can
be
difficult,
especially
when
the
incoming
context
could
change
as
well.
To
ensure
that
the
data
can
be
given
a
more
uniform
structure,
JSON-LD
introduces
the
notion
of
expansion.
<dfn title="expansion" id="dfn-expansion">
Expansion
</dfn>
performs
two
important
operations.
The
first
is
to
expand
all
values
that
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s
to
their
fully
expanded
form.
The
second
is
to
express
all
values
in
<dfn title="expanded_form" id="dfn-expanded_form">
expanded
form
</dfn>.
To
transform
both
inputs
above
to
the
same
representation,
the
developer
could
do
the
following:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 3</span></div><pre class="example">function expansionCallback(output) {
   console.log(output);
}
// the second parameter is 'null' because the developer does not wish to
// inject another context value
jsonld.expand(input1, null, expansionCallback);
jsonld.expand(input2,
null,
expansionCallback);
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
output
for
both
calls
above
will
be:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 4</span></div><pre class="example">[{
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{
    &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: [{
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
  }]
}]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Note
that
in
the
example
above;
all
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
context
</a>
definitions
have
been
removed,
all
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
and
prefixes
have
been
expanded
to
full
IRIs,
and
all
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
s
are
expressed
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">
expanded
form
</a>.
While
the
output
is
more
difficult
for
a
human
to
read,
it
is
easier
for
a
software
program
to
process
because
of
its
very
regular
structure.
</p>
</section>
<section id="compaction">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.2
</span>
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
While
expansion
expands
a
given
input
as
much
as
possible,
compaction
performs
the
opposite
operation
-
expressing
a
given
input
as
succinctly
as
possible.
While
expansion
is
meant
to
produce
something
that
is
easy
to
process
by
software
programs,
compaction
is
meant
to
produce
something
that
is
easy
to
<del class="diff-old">ready
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">read
</ins>
by
software
developers.
Compaction
uses
a
developer-supplied
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
context
</a>
to
compresses
all
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
es,
and
compacts
all
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
s
expressed
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="expanded_form" href="#dfn-expanded_form">
expanded
form
</a>
as
much
as
possible.
</p>
<p>
The
following
example
expresses
input
that
has
already
been
fully
expanded:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 5</span></div><pre class="example">var expandedInput = [{
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{
    &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: [{
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
  }]
}]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
A
developer
that
wants
to
transform
the
data
above
into
a
more
human-readable
form,
could
do
the
following
using
the
JSON-LD
API:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 6</span></div><pre class="example">function compactionCallback(output) {
   console.log(output);
}
jsonld.compact(expandedInput,
&quot;http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld&quot;,
compactionCallback);
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
following
would
be
the
result
of
the
call
above:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 7</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: &quot;http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld&quot;
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Note
that
all
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
have
been
compressed
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="context" href="#dfn-context">
context
</a>
has
been
injected
into
the
output.
While
compacted
output
is
most
useful
to
humans,
it
can
also
be
carefully
used
to
generate
structures
that
are
easy
to
use
for
developers
to
program
against
as
well.
</p>
</section>
<section id="conversion-to-and-from-rdf">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.3
</span>
Conversion
to
and
from
RDF
</h3>
<p>
JSON-LD
can
be
used
to
losslessly
express
the
RDF
data
model
as
described
in
the
RDF
Concepts
document
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
].
This
ensures
that
data
can
be
round-tripped
from
any
RDF
syntax,
like
N-Triples
or
TURTLE,
without
any
loss
in
the
fidelity
of
the
data.
Assume
the
following
RDF
input
in
N-Triples
format:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 8</span></div><pre class="example">var data = &quot;
&lt;http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu&gt; &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&gt; \&quot;Manu Sporny\&quot; .\n
&lt;http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu&gt;
&lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&gt;
&lt;http://manu.sporny.org/&gt;
.&quot;;
</pre>
</div>
<p>
A
developer
can
use
the
JSON-LD
API
to
transform
the
markup
above
into
a
JSON-LD
document:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 9</span></div><pre class="example">function conversionCallback(result)
{
  console.log(&quot;JSON-LD Document: &quot;, result);
};
jsonld.fromRDF(data,
conversionCallback,
{&quot;format&quot;:
&quot;ntriples&quot;});
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
following
expanded
output
would
be
the
result
of
the
call
above:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 10</span></div><pre class="example">[{
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu&quot;,
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{
    &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: [{
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
  }]
}]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Note
that
the
output
above,
could
easily
be
compacted
to
produce
the
following
using
the
technique
outlined
in
the
previous
section:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 11</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: &quot;http://json-ld.org/contexts/person.jsonld&quot;,
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/about/#manu&quot;,
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Transforming
the
<del class="diff-old">object
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
above
back
to
RDF
is
as
simple
as
calling
the
<code>
toRDF()
</code>
method:
</p>
  <div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 12</span></div><pre class="example">var jsonldDocument = ...; // assign the JSON-LD document here
function rdfCallback(quads)
{
  console.log(&quot;RDF Data: &quot;, quads);
};
jsonld.toRDF(jsonldDocument,
rdfCallback);
</pre>
</div>
</section>
<section id="framing-and-normalization">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.4
</span>
Framing
and
Normalization
</h3>
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">2
</del>
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
There
are
currently
two
other
API
methods
that
are
in
active
development
and
were
not
ready
for
publication
at
the
time
this
document
was
published.
Framing
allows
a
developer
to
force
a
different
layout
for
the
data
and
effectively
perform
query-by-example
on
JSON-LD
documents
-
this
is
most
useful
when
a
JSON-LD-based
REST
API
does
not
know
the
exact
form
of
the
data
it
is
getting
in,
but
still
wants
to
operate
upon
it
if
some
bare
essentials
are
found
in
the
data.
JSON-LD
normalization
allows
JSON-LD
documents
to
be
deterministically
serialized
such
that
they
can
be
digitally
signed
or
be
used
to
find
the
differences
between
two
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
s.
It
is
expected
that
framing
will
be
a
part
of
the
final
API.
It
is
expected
that
normalization
will
be
an
optional
feature
that
JSON-LD
processors
may
implement.
</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="the-application-programming-interface">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
3.
</span>
The
Application
Programming
Interface
</h2>
<p>
This
API
provides
a
clean
mechanism
that
enables
developers
to
convert
JSON-LD
data
into
a
a
variety
of
output
formats
that
are
easier
to
work
with
in
various
programming
languages.
If
a
JSON-LD
API
is
provided
in
a
programming
environment,
the
entirety
of
the
following
API
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
implemented.
</p>
<section id="general-terminology">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.1
</span>
General
Terminology
</h3>
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">3
</del>
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
The
intent
of
the
Working
Group
and
the
Editors
of
this
specification
is
to
eventually
align
terminology
used
in
this
document
with
the
terminology
used
in
the
RDF
Concepts
document
to
the
extent
to
which
it
makes
sense
to
do
so.
In
general,
if
there
is
an
analogue
to
terminology
used
in
this
document
in
the
RDF
Concepts
document,
the
preference
is
to
use
the
terminology
in
the
RDF
Concepts
document.
</p>
</div>
<p>
The
following
is
an
explanation
of
the
general
terminology
used
in
this
document:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
An
object
structure
is
represented
as
a
pair
of
curly
brackets
surrounding
zero
or
more
name-value
pairs.
A
name
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
A
single
colon
comes
after
each
name,
separating
the
name
from
the
value.
A
single
comma
separates
a
value
from
a
following
name.
The
names
within
an
object
<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
should
</em>
be
unique.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
array
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
An
array
is
represented
as
square
brackets
surrounding
zero
or
more
values
that
are
separated
by
commas.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
string
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
string
is
a
sequence
of
zero
or
more
Unicode
(UTF-8)
characters,
wrapped
in
double
quotes,
using
backslash
escapes
(if
necessary).
A
character
is
represented
as
a
single
character
string.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
number
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
number
is
similar
to
that
used
in
most
programming
languages,
except
that
the
octal
and
hexadecimal
formats
are
not
used
and
that
leading
zeros
are
not
allowed.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
true
</dfn>
and
<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
false
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
Values
that
are
used
to
express
one
of
two
possible
boolean
states.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
null
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">Unless
otherwise
specified,
a
JSON-LD
processor
must
act
as
if
a
key-value
pair
in
the
body
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">The
use
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">a
JSON-LD
document
was
never
declared
when
</del>
the
<del class="diff-old">value
equals
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
<del class="diff-old">.
If
@value
,
@list
,
or
@set
</del>
</a>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
within
JSON-LD
</ins>
is
<del class="diff-old">set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">used
</ins>
to
<del class="diff-old">null
in
expanded
form,
then
the
entire
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">ignore
or
reset
values.
</ins></dd><dt><dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
keyword
</ins></dfn></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
A
</ins>
JSON
<del class="diff-old">object
is
ignored.
If
@context
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">key
that
</ins>
is
<del class="diff-old">set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">specific
</ins>
to
<del class="diff-old">null
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD,
specified
in
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">active
context
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
Syntax
specification
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON-LD
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">is
reset
and
when
used
within
a
context
,
it
removes
any
definition
associated
with
</del>
</cite>
<ins class="diff-chg">]
in
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">key,
unless
otherwise
specified.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">section
titled
</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#syntax-tokens-and-keywords"><ins class="diff-chg">
Syntax
Tokens
and
Keywords
</ins></a></cite>.
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">subject
definition
</del>
<dfn title="context" id="dfn-context">
<ins class="diff-chg">context
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<del class="diff-old">JSON
object
used
to
represent
</del>
a
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">set
of
rules
for
interpreting
a
JSON-LD
document
as
specified
in
</ins><cite><a href="../json-ld-syntax/#the-context"><ins class="diff-chg">
The
Context
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">and
one
or
more
properties
</del>
</cite>
of
<del class="diff-old">that
subject.
A
JSON
object
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-LD"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON-LD
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">is
a
subject
definition
if
it
does
not
contain
they
keys
@value
,
@list
or
@set
and
it
has
one
or
more
keys
other
than
@id
.
</del>
</cite>
<ins class="diff-chg">]
specification.
</ins>
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">subject
reference
</del>
<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">A
JSON
object
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">An
Internationalized
Resource
Identifier
as
described
in
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-chg">
RFC3987
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">used
to
reference
a
subject
having
only
the
@id
key.
</del>
</cite>
<ins class="diff-chg">].
</ins>
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
set
of
documents,
each
containing
a
representation
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</dfn>
or
<dfn title="dataset" id="dfn-dataset">
dataset
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
An
unordered
labeled
directed
graph,
where
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
<del class="diff-old">node
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
are
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
or
<del class="diff-old">object
s,
and
edges
are
properties.
node
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
<ins class="diff-chg">Blank
Nodes
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
or
other
values.
</ins>
A
<del class="diff-old">piece
of
information
that
is
represented
in
a
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</a>
<ins class="diff-chg">is
a
generalized
representation
of
a
</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF
graph
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
as
defined
in
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
].
</ins>
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="named_graph" id="dfn-named_graph">
named
graph
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
that
<del class="diff-old">has
one
or
more
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">is
identified
by
an
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<del class="diff-old">that
are
used
to
refer
to
it.
</del>
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">An
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">The
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">that
is
a
reference
to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">identifying
</ins>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
named
graph
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="default_graph" id="dfn-default_graph">
default
graph
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
When
executing
an
algorithm,
the
graph
where
data
should
be
placed
if
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
named
graph
</a>
is
not
specified.
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<dfn title="node" id="dfn-node">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">Any
node
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
piece
of
information
that
is
represented
</ins>
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
<del class="diff-old">with
at
least
one
outgoing
edge.
</del>
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="node_definition" id="dfn-node_definition">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
definition
</ins></dfn>
<del class="diff-old">IRI
</del>
</dt>
<dd>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
used
to
represent
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
and
one
or
more
properties
of
that
node.
A
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
is
a
node
definition
if
it
does
not
contain
they
keys
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@set
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
it
has
one
or
more
keys
other
than
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code>.</dd><dt>
<dfn title="node_reference" id="dfn-node_reference">
<ins class="diff-new">node
reference
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">An
Internationalized
Resource
Identifier
as
described
in
[
RFC3987
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">]).
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">used
to
reference
a
node
having
only
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
key.
</ins>
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">object
</del>
<dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">
<ins class="diff-chg">blank
node
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
in
<del class="diff-old">a
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">that
does
not
contain
a
de-referenceable
identifier
because
it
is
either
ephemeral
in
nature
or
does
not
contain
information
that
needs
to
be
linked
to
from
outside
of
the
linked
data
graph.
A
blank
node
is
assigned
an
identifier
starting
</ins>
with
<del class="diff-old">at
least
one
incoming
edge.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
prefix
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
_:
</ins></code>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
property
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">An
edge
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">The
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
label
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">the
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
edge
in
a
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">literal
</del>
<dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">An
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
in
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
linked
data
graph
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
with
at
least
one
outgoing
edge,
related
to
an
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
<del class="diff-old">with
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">node
through
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">label
that
is
not
an
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins></a>.</dd><dt>
<del class="diff-old">IRI
</del>
<dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">
<ins class="diff-chg">object
</ins></dfn>
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</dt>
<dd>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
in
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph"><ins class="diff-chg">
linked
data
graph
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
with
at
least
one
incoming
edge.
</ins>
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="quad" id="dfn-quad">
quad
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
piece
of
information
that
contains
four
items;
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>,
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">a
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>,
and
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">context
</del>
<dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">
<ins class="diff-chg">literal
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">A
JSON
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">An
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
<del class="diff-old">that
contains
rules
for
interpreting
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">expressed
as
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">JSON-LD
document.
keyword
A
JSON
key
that
is
specific
to
JSON-LD,
specified
in
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
specification
[
JSON-LD
]
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
such
as
a
string,
number
or
</ins>
in
<del class="diff-old">the
section
titled
Syntax
Tokens
and
Keywords
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
form.
</ins>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="jsonldprocessor">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.2
</span>
JsonLdProcessor
</h3>
<p>
The
JSON-LD
<del class="diff-old">Processor
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">processor
</ins>
interface
is
the
high-level
programming
structure
that
developers
use
to
access
the
JSON-LD
transformation
methods.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
<ins class="diff-chg">Note
</ins></span></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-chg">
The
JSON-LD
API
signatures
are
the
same
across
all
programming
languages.
Due
to
the
fact
that
asynchronous
programming
is
uncommon
in
certain
languages,
developers
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-chg">
may
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
implement
processor
with
a
synchronous
interface
instead.
In
that
case,
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
callback
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
parameter
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must not"><ins class="diff-chg">
must
not
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
included
and
the
result
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
returned
as
return
value
instead.
</ins></p></div>    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-string-or-IRI-graph-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>string or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">graph</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or IRI</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or IRI</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="methods">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.2.1
</span>
Methods
</h4>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
compact
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#compaction">
Compacts
</a>
the
given
<code>
input
</code>
using
the
<code>
context
</code>
according
to
the
steps
in
the
<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>.
The
<code>
input
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
copied,
compacted
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
compaction
fails,
an
appropriate
exception
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
thrown.
<dl title="InvalidContext" class="exception">
<dt>
<ins class="diff-new">INVALID_SYNTAX
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
general
syntax
error
was
detected
in
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@context
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
For
example,
if
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
key
maps
to
anything
other
than
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
or
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
absolute
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
this
exception
would
be
raised.
</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LOAD_ERROR
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
There
was
a
problem
encountered
loading
a
remote
context.
</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError" class="exception"><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LOSSY_COMPACTION
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
The
compaction
would
lead
to
a
loss
of
information,
such
as
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@language
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
value.
</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
CONFLICTING_DATATYPES
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
The
target
datatype
specified
in
the
coercion
rule
and
the
datatype
for
the
typed
literal
do
not
match.
</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
list
of
lists
was
detected.
This
is
not
supported
in
this
version
of
JSON-LD.
</ins></dd></dl>
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
perform
the
compaction
upon
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
compact.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
context
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
context
to
use
when
compacting
the
<code>
input
</code>
;
either
in
the
form
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<td class="prmNullTrue">
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
<del class="diff-old">✔
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
This
also
includes
<code>
optimize
</code>,
which
if
set
will
cause
processor-specific
optimization.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
expand
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#expansion">
Expands
</a>
the
given
<code>
input
</code>
according
to
the
steps
in
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>.
The
<code>
input
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
copied,
expanded
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
expansion
fails,
an
appropriate
exception
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
thrown.
<dl title="InvalidContext" class="exception">
<dt>
<ins class="diff-new">INVALID_SYNTAX
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
general
syntax
error
was
detected
in
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@context
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
For
example,
if
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
key
maps
to
anything
other
than
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
or
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
absolute
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
this
exception
would
be
raised.
</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LOAD_ERROR
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
There
was
a
problem
encountered
loading
a
remote
context.
</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError" class="exception"><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
list
of
lists
was
detected.
This
is
not
supported
in
this
version
of
JSON-LD.
</ins></dd></dl>
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
perform
the
expansion
upon
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
expand.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
context
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullTrue">
<del class="diff-old">✔
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
An
optional
external
context
to
use
additionally
to
the
context
embedded
in
<code>
input
</code>
when
expanding
the
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullTrue">
<ins class="diff-new">âœ”
</ins></td><td class="prmOptTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
âœ”
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
A
set
of
options
that
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
may
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em><ins class="diff-new">
Return
type:
</ins></em><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
void
</ins></a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-string-or-IRI-graph-object-or-IRI-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code><ins class="diff-new">
flatten
</ins></code></dt><dd><a href="#flattening"><ins class="diff-new">
Flattens
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
the
given
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
according
to
the
steps
in
the
</ins><a href="#flattening-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
Algorithm
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
The
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
be
flattened
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
flattening
fails,
an
appropriate
exception
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
be
thrown.
</ins><div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span><ins class="diff-new">
Issue
</ins></span></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-new">
It
is
still
being
discussed
if
the
flatten()
method
should
be
added
or
not.
See
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-new">
ISSUE-109
</ins></a>.</p></div><table class="parameters"><tr><th><ins class="diff-new">
Parameter
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Type
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Nullable
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Optional
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Description
</ins></th></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
object
or
object[]
or
IRI
</ins></a></code></td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-chg">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
flatten
or
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
flatten.
</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-chg">
string
or
IRI
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-chg">
The
graph
in
the
document
that
should
be
flattened.
To
return
the
default
graph
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
has
to
be
passed,
for
the
merged
graph
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
for
any
other
graph
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifying
the
graph
has
to
be
passed.
The
default
value
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-chg">
context
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-chg">
object
or
IRI
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ”
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-chg">
An
optional
external
context
to
use
additionally
to
the
context
embedded
in
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
input
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
when
expanding
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
input
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-chg">
callback
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
JsonLdCallback
</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ˜
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-chg">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
input
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-chg">
options
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
JsonLdOptions
</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-chg">
âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
<del class="diff-old">✔
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
fromRDF
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Creates
a
JSON-LD
document
given
an
set
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
<code>
Quads
</code>
</a>.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
[]
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="dataset" href="#dfn-dataset">
dataset
</a>
represented
as
an
array
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
<code>
Quads
</code>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<td class="prmNullTrue">
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
<del class="diff-old">✔
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
will
affect
the
algorithm.
This
includes
<code>
notType
</code>,
which
if
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>
causes
the
resulting
document
to
use
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
as
a
property,
instead
of
<code>
@type
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-IRI-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
toRDF
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Processes
the
<code>
input
</code>
according
to
the
<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</a>,
calling
the
provided
<code>
callback
</code>
for
each
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
generated.
<dl title="InvalidContext" class="exception">
<dt>
<ins class="diff-new">INVALID_SYNTAX
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
general
syntax
error
was
detected
in
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@context
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
For
example,
if
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
key
maps
to
anything
other
than
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
or
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
absolute
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
this
exception
would
be
raised.
</ins></dd><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LOAD_ERROR
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
There
was
a
problem
encountered
loading
a
remote
context.
</ins></dd></dl><dl title="ProcessingError" class="exception"><dt><ins class="diff-new">
LIST_OF_LISTS_DETECTED
</ins></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
A
list
of
lists
was
detected.
This
is
not
supported
in
this
version
of
JSON-LD.
</ins></dd></dl>
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
convert
to
RDF
or
a
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</code>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
convert
to
RDF.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
QuadCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
a
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
is
created
from
processing
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<td class="prmNullTrue">
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
<del class="diff-old">✔
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ”
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
conversion
to
RDF
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="callbacks">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.3
</span>
Callbacks
</h3>
<section id="jsonldcallback">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.3.1
</span>
JsonLdCallback
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
is
used
to
return
a
processed
JSON-LD
representation
as
the
result
of
processing
an
API
method.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-object-or-objectArray-jsonld">jsonLd</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object</a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">jsonld</span></span>);</span>
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="methods-1">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.3.1.1
</span>
Methods
</h5>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-object-or-objectArray-jsonld">
<code>
jsonLd
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
This
callback
is
invoked
when
processing
is
complete.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
jsonld
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object
</a>
[]
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
processed
JSON-LD
document.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="quadcallback">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.3.2
</span>
QuadCallback
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
QuadCallback
</code>
</a>
is
called
whenever
the
processor
generates
a
quad
during
the
<code>
quad()
</code>
call.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="methods-2">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.3.2.1
</span>
Methods
</h5>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">
<code>
quad
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
This
callback
is
invoked
whenever
a
quad
is
generated
by
the
processor.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
quad
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
<del class="diff-old">✘
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">âœ˜
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
quad.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="data-structures">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.4
</span>
Data
Structures
</h3>
<p>
This
section
describes
datatype
definitions
used
within
the
JSON-LD
API.
</p>
<section id="iri">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.1
</span>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</code>
</a>
datatype
is
a
string
representation
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</p>
<pre class="idl">
<span id="idl-def-IRI" class="idlTypedef">
typedef
<span class="idlTypedefType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>
<span class="idlTypedefID">
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</span>
;
</span>
</pre>
<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
This
datatype
indicates
that
the
<del class="diff-old">IRI
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">string
</ins></em>
is
interpreted
as
<del class="diff-old">a
Universal
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
Internationalized
</ins>
Resource
<del class="diff-old">Locator
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Identifier
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987"><ins class="diff-chg">
RFC3987
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
]
</ins>
identifying
a
document,
which
when
parsed
as
JSON
yields
either
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</a>.
</div>
</section>
<section id="jsonldoptions">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.2
</span>
JsonLdOptions
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
type
is
used
to
<del class="diff-old">convert
a
set
of
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">pass
various
</ins>
options
to
<del class="diff-old">an
interface
method.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
</ins><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdProcessor" class="idlType">
<del class="diff-old">typedef
</del>
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdProcessor
</ins></code>
<del class="diff-old">object
</del>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">JsonLdOptions
;
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">methods.
</ins></p>    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlDictionary">dictionary <span class="idlDictionaryID">JsonLdOptions</span> {<span class="idlMember">    <span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span>    <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-base">base</a></span>;</span><span class="idlMember">    <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">compactArrays</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span><span class="idlMember">    <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize">optimize</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span><span class="idlMember">    <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">useRdfType</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">false</span>;</span><span class="idlMember">    <span class="idlMemberType"><a>boolean</a></span> <span class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">useNativeTypes</a></span> = <span class="idlMemberValue">true</span>;</span><ins class="diff-chg">
};
</ins>
</span>
</pre>
<section id="dictionary-jsonldoptions-members">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-chg">3.4.2.1
</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
Dictionary
</ins><a class="idlType" href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdOptions
</ins>
</code>
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">Members
</ins></h5><dl class="dictionary-members"><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-base"><code>
base
</code>
<ins class="diff-new">of
type
</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></code></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
nullable
</ins>
</dt>
<dd>
The
Base
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
to
use
when
expanding
the
document.
This
overrides
the
value
of
<em>
input
</em>
if
it
is
a
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">URL
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</code>
</a>.
<ins class="diff-chg">If
not
specified
and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
input
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
an
</ins><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></code></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
the
base
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
defaults
to
the
current
document
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
if
in
a
browser
context,
</ins>
or
<ins class="diff-new">the
empty
string
</ins>
if
<del class="diff-old">it
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">there
</ins>
is
<del class="diff-old">a
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">no
document
context.
</ins></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">object
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">compactArrays
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">or
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">of
type
</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-chg">
boolean
</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-chg">
defaulting
to
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">object[]
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">true
</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-chg">
If
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
the
JSON-LD
processor
replaces
arrays
with
just
one
element
with
that
element
during
compaction.
If
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
all
arrays
will
remain
arrays
even
if
they
have
just
one
element.
</ins>
</dd>
<del class="diff-old">boolean
</del>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-optimize">
<code>
optimize
</code>
<ins class="diff-new">of
type
</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
boolean
</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
defaulting
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
false
</ins></code>
</dt>
<dd>
If
set
to
<code>
true
</code>,
the
JSON-LD
processor
is
allowed
to
optimize
the
output
of
the
<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
to
produce
even
compacter
representations.
The
algorithm
for
compaction
optimization
is
beyond
the
scope
of
this
specification
and
thus
not
defined.
Consequently,
different
implementations
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
implement
different
optimization
algorithms.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">useNativeTypes
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
of
type
</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a>
boolean
<del class="diff-old">noType
</del>
</a>
</span>,
<ins class="diff-chg">defaulting
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></code>
</dt>
<dd>
If
set
to
<code>
true
</code>,
the
JSON-LD
processor
will
<del class="diff-old">not
use
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">try
to
convert
datatyped
literals
to
JSON
native
types
instead
of
using
</ins>
the
<ins class="diff-new">expanded
object
form
when
</ins><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
converting
from
RDF
</ins></a>.
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@type
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:boolean
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
values
will
be
converted
to
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></a>.<code><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:integer
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">property
when
generating
the
output,
</del>
and
<code>
<ins class="diff-new">xsd:double
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
values
will
be
converted
to
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
JSON
numbers
</ins></a>.</dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
useRdfType
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
of
type
</ins><span class="idlMemberType"><a><ins class="diff-new">
boolean
</ins></a></span>,<ins class="diff-new">
defaulting
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
false
</ins></code></dt><dd><ins class="diff-new">
If
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
true
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
the
JSON-LD
processor
</ins>
will
use
the
expanded
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
as
the
property
instead
of
<code>
@type
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">when
</ins><a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
converting
from
RDF
</ins></a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<p>
The
following
data
structures
are
used
for
representing
data
about
RDF
quads.
They
are
used
for
normalization,
<del class="diff-old">fromRDF
,
</del>
and
<del class="diff-old">from
toRDF
interfaces.
</del>
<a href="#rdf-conversion">
<ins class="diff-chg">RDF
conversion
</ins></a>.
</p>
<section id="quad">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.3
</span>
Quad
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
interface
represents
an
RDF
Quad.
See
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
]
definition
for
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple">
RDF
triple
</a>
</cite>,
which
most
closely
aligns
to
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-Quad" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-graphName">graphName</a></span>;</span>
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="attributes">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.4.3.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-Quad-graphName">
<code>
graphName
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
If
present,
the
name
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
identifying
it
as
a
member
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="named_graph" href="#dfn-named_graph">
named
graph
</a>.
If
it
is
missing,
the
quad
is
a
member
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="default_graph" href="#dfn-default_graph">
default
graph
</a>.
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/125">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">4
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">125
</ins>
</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="">
This
element
is
at
risk,
and
may
be
removed.
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-object">
<code>
object
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-property">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">predicate
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins>
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
<del class="diff-old">predicate
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins></a>
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>.
Within
JSON-LD,
an
<dfn title="rdf_predicate" id="dfn-rdf_predicate">
RDF
predicate
</dfn>
is
refered
to
as
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-subject">
<code>
subject
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="node">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.4
</span>
Node
</h4>
<p>
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Node" href="#idl-def-Node">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
is
the
base
class
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>,
<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>,
and
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
<code>
Literal
</code>
</a>.
It
is
the
IDL
representation
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-Node" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
</section>
<section id="iri-1">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.5
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</h4>
<p>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
that
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-IRI-1" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-value">value</a></span>;</span>
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="attributes-1">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.4.5.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-IRI-value">
<code>
value
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
identifier
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
as
a
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-UNICODE">
UNICODE
</a>
</cite>
]
string.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="blank-node">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.6
</span>
Blank
Node
</h4>
<p>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
that
does
not
contain
a
de-reference-able
identifier
because
it
is
either
ephemeral
in
nature
or
does
not
contain
information
that
needs
to
be
linked
to
from
outside
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
A
blank
node
is
assigned
an
identifier
starting
with
the
prefix
<code>
_:
</code>
and
an
implementation
dependent,
auto-generated
suffix
that
is
unique
to
all
information
associated
with
the
particular
blank
node.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-identifier">identifier</a></span>;</span>
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="attributes-2">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.4.6.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-BlankNode-identifier">
<code>
identifier
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
temporary
identifier
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>.
The
<code>
identifier
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
be
relied
upon
in
any
way
between
two
separate
processing
runs
of
the
same
document
or
with
a
different
document.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
Developers
and
authors
must
not
assume
that
the
value
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
will
remain
the
same
between
two
processing
runs.
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
values
are
only
valid
for
the
most
recent
processing
run
on
the
document.
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
values
will
often
be
generated
differently
by
different
processors.
</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
Implementers
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
ensure
that
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
values
are
unique
within
the
current
environment,
two
<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
<code>
BlankNodes
</code>
</a>
are
considered
equal
if,
and
only
if,
their
values
are
strictly
equal.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="literal">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.4.7
</span>
Literal
</h4>
<p>
Literals
represent
values
such
as
numbers,
dates
and
strings
in
RDF
data.
A
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
<code>
Literal
</code>
</a>
is
comprised
of
three
attributes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
a
lexical
form
of
the
<code>
value
</code>
</li>
<li>
an
optional
<code>
language
</code>
tag
</li>
<li>
a
<code>
datatype
</code>
specified
by
an
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Literals
representing
plain
text
in
a
natural
language
may
have
a
<code>
language
</code>
tag
specified
by
a
string
token,
as
specified
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
BCP47
</a>
</cite>
],
normalized
to
lowercase
(e.g.,
<code>
'en'
</code>,
<code>
'fr'
</code>,
<code>
'en-gb'
</code>
).
They
also
have
a
datatype
attribute
such
as
<code>
xsd:string
</code>.
If
unspecified,
the
<code>
datatype
</code>
defaults
to
<code>
xsd:string
</code>.
</p>
<p>
Literals
representing
values
with
a
specific
datatype,
such
as
the
integer
72,
may
have
a
<code>
datatype
</code>
attribute
specified
in
the
form
of
a
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
IRI
</code>
</a>
(e.g.,
<code>
xsd:integer
</code>
).
</p>
<p>
See[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
]
definition
for
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
</cite>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">      ]
</del>
      <pre class="idl"><span id="idl-def-Literal" class="idlInterface">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-value">value</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span>       <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
<del class="diff-old">};
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">};
</ins></span>
</pre>
<section id="attributes-3">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
3.4.7.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-Literal-datatype">
<code>
datatype
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
IRI
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
An
optional
datatype
identified
by
a
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Literal-language">
<code>
language
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
An
optional
language
tag
as
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47">
BCP47
</a>
</cite>
],
normalized
to
lowercase.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Literal-value">
<code>
value
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
lexical
form
of
the
Literal's
value.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="algorithms">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
4.
</span>
Algorithms
</h2>
<p>
All
algorithms
described
in
this
section
are
intended
to
operate
on
language-native
data
structures.
That
is,
the
serialization
to
a
text-based
JSON
document
isn't
required
as
input
or
output
to
any
of
these
algorithms
and
language-native
data
structures
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
used
where
applicable.
</p>
<section id="algorithm-terms">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.1
</span>
Algorithm
Terms
</h3>
<dl>
<dt>
<del class="diff-old">initial
context
a
context
that
is
specified
to
the
algorithm
before
processing
begins.
The
contents
of
the
initial
context
is
defined
in
Appendix
A
.
</del>
<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
subject
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
active
property
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
property
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
The
active
property
is
represented
in
the
original
lexical
form,
which
is
used
for
finding
coercion
mappings
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
active
object
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
object
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
active
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
that
is
used
to
resolve
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
while
the
processing
algorithm
is
running.
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
the
context
contained
within
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
is
has
the
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
and
is
used
as
a
way
of
expressing
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
without
needing
to
define
separate
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
definitions
for
each
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
contained
within
a
common
vocabulary
identified
by
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
local
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
that
is
specified
within
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
specified
via
the
<code>
@context
</code>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>,
which
includes
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
is
managed
as
a
stack
with
elements
from
the
previous
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
copied
into
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
when
entering
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The
JSON-LD
data
structure
that
is
provided
as
input
to
the
algorithm.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
JSON-LD
output
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The
JSON-LD
data
structure
that
is
produced
as
output
by
the
algorithm.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
term
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
is
a
short
word
defined
in
a
context
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
expanded
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
prefix
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
that
expands
to
a
vocabulary
base
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
It
is
typically
used
along
with
a
<em>
suffix
</em>
to
form
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
to
create
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
within
a
vocabulary.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="language-tagged_string" id="dfn-language-tagged_string">
language-tagged
<del class="diff-old">literal
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">string
</ins>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
language-tagged
<del class="diff-old">literal
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">string
</ins>
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
without
a
datatype,
including
a
language.
See
<cite>
<del class="diff-old">literal
</del>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-language-tagged-string">
<ins class="diff-chg">languaged-tagged
string
</ins>
</a>
</cite>
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
].
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
with
an
associated
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
which
indicates
the
literal's
datatype.
See
<cite>
<del class="diff-old">language-tagged
string
</del>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal">
<ins class="diff-chg">literal
</ins>
</a>
</cite>
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
].
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="context-processing">
<h3 id="context">
<span class="secno">
4.2
</span>
Context
Processing
</h3>
<p>
Processing
of
JSON-LD
data
structure
is
managed
recursively.
During
processing,
each
rule
is
applied
using
information
provided
by
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
Processing
begins
by
pushing
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
onto
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
<del class="diff-old">stack
and
initializing
the
active
context
with
the
initial
context
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">stack.
</ins>
If
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
encountered,
information
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
merged
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</p>
<p>
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
used
for
expanding
properties
and
values
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
(or
elements
of
an
array)
using
a
<dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</dfn>.
It
is
also
used
to
maintain
<dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">
coercion
mapping
</dfn>
s
from
terms
to
datatypes,
<dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">
language
mapping
</dfn>
s
from
terms
to
language
codes,
and
<dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">
list
mapping
</dfn>
s
and
<dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">
set
mapping
</dfn>
s
for
terms.
Processors
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
use
the
lexical
form
of
the
property
when
creating
a
mapping,
as
lookup
is
performed
on
lexical
forms,
not
expanded
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
representations.
</p>
<p>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
identified
within
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
having
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
or
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
value.
When
processing
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>,
special
processing
rules
apply:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
a
new,
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Let
<em>
context
</em>
be
the
value
of
<code>
@context
</code>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="process-context">
If
<em>
context
</em>
equals
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">reset
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">clear
</ins>
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
<del class="diff-old">to
the
initial
context
</del>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
element
as
<em>
context
</em>
in
order
by
starting
at
<a href="#process-context">
Step
2.1
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
a
lexical
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Dereference
<em>
context
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
resulting
document
is
a
JSON
document,
extract
the
top-level
<code>
@context
</code>
element
using
the
JSON
Pointer
&quot;/@context&quot;
as
described
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">
JSON-POINTER
</a>
</cite>
].
Set
<em>
context
</em>
to
the
extracted
content
and
process
it
by
starting
at
<a href="#process-context">
Step
2.1
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
a
value
of
a
simple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">with
the
lexical
form
described
in
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-BCP47"><ins class="diff-new">
BCP47
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
],
</ins>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
Add
the
language
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
has
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@vocab
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
key,
it
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
have
a
value
of
a
simple
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
string
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
with
the
lexical
form
of
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
absolute
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
null
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
Add
the
vocabulary
mapping
to
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context"><ins class="diff-new">
local
context
</ins></a>.</li>
<li id="object-context">
Otherwise,
for
each
property
in
<em>
context
</em>
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
property's
value
is
a
simple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
value
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
property
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>,
unless
the
property
is
a
JSON-LD
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
in
which
case
throw
an
exception.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
property's
value
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
remove
mapping,
coercion,
container
and
language
information
associated
with
property
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
the
<em>
property
</em>
's
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
JSON-LD
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>
and
the
value
has
<code>
@id
</code>,
<code>
@language
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
properties,
throw
an
exception.
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">5
</del>
</span>
</div>
<div class="">
Undecided
if
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@graph
</code>
can
take
a
<code>
@container
</code>
with
<code>
@set
</code>.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
has
the
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
its
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
an
<code>
@id
</code>
property
with
a
string
value
which
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
<em>
property
</em>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
has
the
form
of
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
have
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property
with
a
string
value
which
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
absolute
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
<em>
property
</em>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
its
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>
<code>
@id
</code>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
or
<code>
@id
</code>,
merge
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">
coercion
mapping
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
property,
its
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
<code>
@list
</code>
or
<code>
@set
</code>.
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">
list
mapping
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">
set
mapping
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property
but
no
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
the
value
of
the
<code>
@language
</code>
property
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">
language
mapping
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Repeat
<a href="#object-context">
Step
2.4.2
</a>
until
no
entries
are
added
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
It
can
be
difficult
to
distinguish
between
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
and
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
as
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
may
seem
to
be
a
valid
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<em>
scheme
</em>.
When
performing
repeated
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
expansion,
a
term
used
as
a
prefix
may
not
have
a
valid
mapping
due
to
dependencies
in
resolving
term
definitions.
By
continuing
<a href="#object-context">
Step
2.3.2
</a>
until
no
changes
are
made,
mappings
to
IRIs
created
using
an
undefined
term
prefix
will
eventually
<del class="diff-old">resolve
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">expand
</ins>
to
<ins class="diff-new">an
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s.
</p>
</div>
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">6
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">43
</ins>
</span>
</a>
</div>
<p class="">
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">
Issue
43
</a>
concerns
performing
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
expansion
in
the
key
position
of
a
context
definition.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="iri-expansion">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.3
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Keys
and
some
values
are
evaluated
to
produce
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
This
section
defines
an
algorithm
for
transforming
a
value
representing
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
into
an
actual
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</p>
<p>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<del class="diff-old">IRI
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
may
be
represented
as
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
<del class="diff-old">or
</del>
</a>,
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</a>,
<ins class="diff-chg">or
as
a
value
relative
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@vocab
</ins></code>.
</p>
<p>
An
<dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
is
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
RFC3987
</a>
</cite>
]
containing
a
<em>
scheme
</em>
along
with
<em>
path
</em>
and
optional
<em>
query
</em>
and
fragment
segments.
A
<dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">
relative
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
is
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
that
is
relative
some
other
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
;
in
the
case
of
JSON-LD
this
is
the
base
location
of
the
document.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
generating
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
is:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
mapping
for
the
value
using
a
case-sensitive
comparison,
use
the
mapped
value
as
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
split
the
value
into
a
<em>
prefix
</em>
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
from
the
first
occurrence
of
':'.
</li>
<li>
If
the
prefix
is
a
'_'
(underscore),
the
value
represents
a
named
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
mapping
for
<em>
prefix
</em>
using
a
case-sensitive
comparison,
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
does
not
does
not
begin
with
'//'
(i.e.,
it
does
not
match
a
<em>
hier-part
</em>
including
<em>
authority
</em>
(as
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986">
RFC3986
</a>
</cite>
]),
generate
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
by
prepending
the
mapped
prefix
to
the
(possibly
empty)
suffix
using
textual
concatenation.
Note
that
an
empty
suffix
and
no
suffix
(meaning
the
value
contains
no
':'
string
at
all)
are
treated
equivalently.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">use
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">value
directly
as
an
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
<del class="diff-old">.
Note
Previous
versions
</del>
</abbr>
<ins class="diff-chg">being
processed
does
not
contain
a
colon
and
is
a
property,
i.e.,
a
key
in
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
or
the
value
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">this
specification
used
</del>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@base
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@type
</ins>
</code>
and
<ins class="diff-new">the
active
context
has
a
</ins>
<code>
@vocab
</code>
<ins class="diff-new">mapping,
join
the
mapped
value
</ins>
to
<del class="diff-old">define
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
suffix
using
textual
concatenation.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
if
the
</ins>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<del class="diff-old">prefixes
used
to
resolve
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">being
processed
does
not
contain
a
colon
and
is
not
a
property,
i.e.,
not
a
key
in
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
treat
it
as
a
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">
relative
<del class="diff-old">IRIs
.
It
was
determined
that
this
added
too
much
complexity,
but
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
and
resolve
it
against
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">issue
can
be
re-examined
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">base
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
as
per
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986"><ins class="diff-chg">
RFC3986
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
]
using
only
the
basic
algorithm
in
section
5.2.
Neither
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
Syntax-Based
Normalization
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
nor
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
Scheme-Based
Normalization
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
(described
in
sections
6.2.2
and
6.2.3
of
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3986"><ins class="diff-chg">
RFC3986
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
])
are
performed.
Characters
additionally
allowed
in
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
references
are
treated
</ins>
in
the
<del class="diff-old">future
based
on
community
input.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">same
way
that
unreserved
characters
are
treated
in
URI
references,
per
section
6.5
of
[
</ins><cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC3987">
<ins class="diff-chg">RFC3987
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
].
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
use
the
value
directly
as
an
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr>.</li></ol><p></p></section><section id="iri-compaction">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.4
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Some
keys
and
values
are
expressed
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s.
This
section
defines
an
algorithm
for
transforming
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
(
<em>
iri
</em>
)
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
specified
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
using
an
optional
<em>
value
</em>.
</p>
<section id="iri-compaction-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
4.4.1
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
generating
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
an
empty
list
of
terms
<em>
terms
</em>
that
will
be
populated
with
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
that
are
ranked
according
to
how
closely
they
match
<em>
value
</em>.
Initialize
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<code>
0
</code>,
and
set
a
flag
<em>
list
container
</em>
to
<code>
false
</code>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
term
</em>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<em>
term
</em>
's
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
not
a
complete
match
against
<em>
iri
</em>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@set
</code>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
list
container
</em>
is
<code>
true
</code>
and
<em>
term
</em>
does
not
have
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
<del class="diff-old">,
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
rank
</em>
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
of
<em>
value
</em>
by
passing
passing
<em>
term
</em>,
<em>
value
</em>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
to
the
<a href="#term-rank-algorithm">
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
<code>
0
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@set
</code>,
then
add
<code>
1
</code>
to
<em>
rank
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>
and
<em>
list
container
</em>
is
<code>
false
</code>
and
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
then
set
<em>
list
container
</em>
to
<code>
true
</code>,
clear
<em>
terms
</em>,
set
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<em>
rank
</em>,
and
add
<em>
term
</em>
to
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
or
equal
to
<em>
highest
rank
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
<em>
highest
rank
</em>,
clear
<em>
terms
</em>
and
set
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<em>
rank
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Add
<em>
term
</em>
to
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
terms
</em>
is
empty,
<ins class="diff-new">and
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
active
context
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
has
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@vocab
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
which
is
a
prefix
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
iri
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
where
the
resulting
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
relative
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
is
not
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term"><ins class="diff-new">
term
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
in
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
active
context
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
The
resulting
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri"><ins class="diff-new">
relative
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
is
the
unmatched
part
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
iri
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
terms
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
empty,
</ins>
add
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
representation
of
<em>
iri
</em>
for
each
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
which
maps
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
which
is
a
prefix
for
<em>
iri
</em>
where
the
resulting
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
The
resulting
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
associated
with
the
partially
matched
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
concatenated
with
a
colon
(:)
character
and
the
unmatched
part
of
<em>
iri
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
terms
</em>
is
empty,
<ins class="diff-new">the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
being
processed
is
a
property
or
the
value
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
and
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@vocab
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
is
not
null
and
matches
the
beginning
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
iri
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
return
the
unmatched
portion
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
iri
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-new">
Otherwise
</ins>
return
<em>
iri
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
return
the
shortest
and
lexicographically
least
value
in
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
</p>
</section>
<section id="term-rank-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
4.4.2
</span>
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
When
selecting
among
multiple
possible
terms
for
a
given
property,
it
may
be
that
multiple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
terms
</a>
are
defined
with
the
same
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
but
differ
in
<code>
@type
</code>,
<code>
@container
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>.
The
purpose
of
this
algorithm
is
to
take
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
and
a
value
and
give
it
a
<dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</dfn>.
The
selection
can
then
be
based,
partly,
on
the
term
having
the
highest
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>.
</p>
<p>
Given
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
<em>
term
</em>,
<em>
value
</em>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
determine
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
using
the
following
steps:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<code>
@list
</code>
property
is
an
empty
array,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
return
the
sum
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
s
for
every
entry
in
the
list.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
definition
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
reference
</a>,
or
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
having
a
<code>
@value
</code>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@value
</code>
property:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property
matching
a
<code>
@type
</code>
coercion
for
<em>
term
</em>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
coercion
and
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<code>
@value
</code>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
it
is
<code>
2
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
1
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
has
no
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
<code>
@language
</code>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
or
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
has
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property
matching
a
<code>
@language
</code>
definition
for
<em>
term
</em>
(or
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
definition
and
<code>
@language
</code>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
matches
the
<em>
value
</em>
<code>
@language
</code>
),
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
coercion
and
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
<code>
@type
</code>
coerced
to
<code>
@id
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
coercion
and
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="value-expansion">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.5
</span>
Value
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Some
values
in
JSON-LD
can
be
expressed
in
a
compact
form.
These
values
are
required
to
be
expanded
at
times
when
processing
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
expanding
a
<em>
value
</em>
takes
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
It
is
implemented
as
follows:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
the
<em>
value
</em>
is
already
expanded.
</li>
<li>
If
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<code>
@graph
</code>
or
the
target
of
an
<code>
@id
</code>
coercion,
expand
the
value
into
an
object
with
a
key-value
pair
where
the
key
is
<code>
@id
</code>
and
the
value
is
the
expanded
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
rules.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
then
expand
<em>
value
</em>
into
an
object:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
the
first
key-value
pair
to
<code>
@value
</code>
and
the
unexpanded
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
the
target
of
typed
literal
coercion,
set
the
second
key-value
pair
to
<code>
@type
</code>
and
the
associated
coercion
datatype
expanded
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
rules.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
the
target
of
language
tagging,
set
the
second
key-value
pair
to
<code>
@language
</code>
and
value
of
the
language
tagging
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
is
already
expanded.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="value-compaction">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.6
</span>
Value
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Some
values,
such
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literals
</a>,
may
be
expressed
in
an
expanded
form
<ins class="diff-new">(
</ins><dfn title="expanded_value" id="dfn-expanded_value"><ins class="diff-new">
expanded
value
</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
)
</ins>
in
JSON-LD.
These
values
are
required
to
be
compacted
at
times
when
processing
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
compacting
an
expanded
value
<em>
value
</em>
takes
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
It
is
implemented
as
follows:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
only
has
one
property
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
has
no
default
language,
then
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<code>
@graph
</code>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
coercion
target
for
the
key
that
matches
the
expression
of
the
value,
compact
the
value
using
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
coercion
target
is
an
<code>
@id
</code>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
If
the
coercion
target
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@value
</code>
key.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
contains
an
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
value
</em>
with
the
value
of
<code>
@id
</code>
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<code>
@language
</code>,
which
matches
the
<code>
@language
</code>
of
the
value,
or
the
value
has
only
a
<code>
@value
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@value
</code>
key.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
value
contains
a
<code>
@type
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
value
</em>
with
the
<code>
@type
</code>
value
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
the
value
is
not
modified.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="expansion-1">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.7
</span>
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Expansion
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document
and
applying
a
context
such
that
all
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>,
datatypes,
and
literal
values
are
expanded
so
that
the
context
is
no
longer
necessary.
JSON-LD
document
expansion
is
typically
used
as
a
part
of
other
JSON-LD
API
methods.
</p>
<p>
For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 13</span></div><pre class="example">{
   &quot;@context&quot;:
   {
      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
      &quot;homepage&quot;: {
        &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
        &quot;@type&quot;, &quot;@id&quot;
      }
   },
   &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
   &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Running
the
JSON-LD
Expansion
algorithm
against
the
JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
in
the
following
output:
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 14</span></div><pre class="example">{
   &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
   &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
   }
}
</pre>
</div>
<section id="expansion-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
4.7.1
</span>
Expansion
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
three
input
variables:
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
an
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
expanded.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing,
<a href="#context-processing">
Context
Processing
</a>
on
the
passed
<em>
context
</em>,
or
<del class="diff-old">to
the
initial
context
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">empty
</ins>
if
<em>
context
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
If
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>
and
any
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
or
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
a
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
throw
an
exception,
as
lists
of
lists
are
not
allowed.
If
the
expanded
entry
is
null,
drop
it.
If
it's
an
array,
merge
its
entries
with
<em>
element
</em>
's
entries.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
object
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property,
update
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
according
to
the
steps
outlined
in
<a href="#context-processing">
Context
Processing
</a>
and
remove
the
<code>
@context
</code>
property.
</li>
<li>
Then,
proceed
and
process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element
</em>
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Remove
<em>
property
</em>
from
<em>
element
</em>,
expand
<em>
property
</em>
according
to
the
steps
outlined
in
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
Set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
original
un-expanded
<em>
property
</em>
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
does
not
expand
to
a
keyword
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
(i.e.,
it
doesn't
contain
a
colon),
continue
with
the
next
property
from
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
and
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
<code>
@value
</code>,
continue
with
the
next
property
from
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
Expand
the
<em>
value
</em>
according
to
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@type
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
expand
according
to
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<del class="diff-old">subject
reference
,
the
expanded
value
is
the
result
of
performing
IRI
Expansion
on
the
value
of
@id
.
Otherwise,
if
value
is
a
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
Object
</a>,
it
must
be
empty
(used
for
<cite>
<a href="../json-ld-framing/#framing">
Framing
</a>
</cite>
).
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
all
elements
must
be
<del class="diff-old">either
a
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
<del class="diff-old">or
subject
reference
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">s.
</ins>
Expand
<em>
value
</em>
for
each
of
its
entries
<del class="diff-old">using
the
previous
three
steps.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">according
to
</ins><a href="#iri-expansion"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
Expansion
</ins></a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@value
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@list
</code>
or
<code>
@set
</code>
expand
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<em>
active
property
</em>.
If
the
expanded
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@list
</code>
and
any
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
an
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
throw
an
exception,
as
lists
of
lists
are
not
supported.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
expand
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
a
keyword
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
<code>
@list
</code>
and
the
expanded
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
convert
<em>
value
</em>
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
with
an
<code>
@list
</code>
property
whose
value
is
set
to
<em>
value
</em>
(unless
<em>
value
</em>
is
already
in
that
form).
</li>
<li>
Convert
<em>
value
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
form
unless
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
or
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>,
<code>
@type
</code>,
<code>
@value
</code>,
or
<code>
@language
</code>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
either
merge
<em>
value
</em>
into
an
existing
<em>
property
</em>
property
of
<em>
element
</em>
or
create
a
new
<em>
property
</em>
property
with
<em>
value
</em>
as
value.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
the
processed
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@value
</code>
property
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<em>
element
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
have
more
than
one
other
property,
which
can
either
be
<code>
@language
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
value.
</li>
<li>
if
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>
equals
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
replace
<em>
element
</em>
with
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@type
</code>
property
and
its
value
is
not
in
the
form
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@set
</code>
or
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
the
only
property.
Set
<em>
element
</em>
to
the
value
of
<code>
@set
</code>
;
leave
<code>
@list
</code>
untouched.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
just
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
set
<em>
element
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
expand
<em>
element
</em>
according
to
the
<a href="#value-expansion">
Value
Expansion
</a>
rules,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If,
after
the
algorithm
outlined
above
is
run,
the
resulting
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
just
a
<code>
@graph
</code>
property,
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
value
of
<code>
@graph
</code>
's
value.
Finally,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
it
is
wrapped
into
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="compaction-1">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
4.8
</span>
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Compaction
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document
and
applying
a
context
such
that
the
most
compact
form
of
the
document
is
generated.
JSON
is
typically
expressed
in
a
very
compact,
key-value
format.
That
is,
full
IRIs
are
rarely
used
as
keys.
At
times,
a
JSON-LD
document
may
be
received
that
is
not
in
its
most
compact
form.
JSON-LD,
via
the
API,
provides
a
way
to
compact
a
JSON-LD
document.
</p>
<p>
For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 15</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
  }
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Additionally,
assume
the
following
developer-supplied
JSON-LD
context:
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 16</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
      &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
    }
  }
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Running
the
JSON-LD
Compaction
algorithm
given
the
context
supplied
above
against
the
JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
in
the
following
output:
</p>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 17</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
      &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
    }
  },
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
compaction
algorithm
also
enables
the
developer
to
map
any
expanded
format
into
an
application-specific
compacted
format.
While
the
context
provided
above
mapped
<code>
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
</code>
to
<strong>
name
</strong>,
it
could
have
also
mapped
it
to
any
arbitrary
string
provided
by
the
developer.
</p>
<section id="compaction-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
4.8.1
</span>
Compaction
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
three
input
variables:
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
an
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
compacted.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#context-processing">
Context
Processing
</a>
on
the
passed
<em>
context
</em>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
on
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
This
removes
any
existing
context
to
allow
the
given
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
to
be
cleanly
applied.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
single
<del class="diff-old">item,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">item
and
the
</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
compactArrays
</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
option
is
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></code>,
the
compacted
value
is
that
item;
otherwise
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
object:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@value
</code>
property
or
element
is
a
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
reference
</a>,
return
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#value-compaction">
Value
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
element
</em>
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
mapping
to
<code>
@list
</code>
and
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
corresponding
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
recursively
compact
that
property's
value
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
ensuring
that
the
result
is
an
array
<del class="diff-old">and
removing
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">with
all
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
<del class="diff-old">values.
Return
either
the
result
as
an
array,
as
an
object
with
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">values
removed.
If
there
already
exists
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">key
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
for
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
active
property
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
the
full
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr>
of
<em>
<ins class="diff-new">property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
also
coerced
to
</ins>
<code>
@list
<del class="diff-old">(or
appropriate
alias
from
</del>
</code>,
<ins class="diff-chg">throw
an
exception.
Otherwise
store
the
resulting
array
as
value
of
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
<del class="diff-old">context
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">).
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
empty
or
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
otherwise.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
construct
<em>
output
</em>
as
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
used
for
returning
the
result
of
compacting
<em>
element
</em>.
For
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element:
</em>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>
is
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
Perform
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
every
entry
of
<em>
value
</em>.
If
<em>
value
</em>
contains
just
one
<del class="diff-old">entry,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">entry
and
the
</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
compactArrays
</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-chg">
option
is
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></code>,
<em>
value
</em>
is
set
to
that
entry.
</li>
<li>
Add
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
the
<del class="diff-old">expanded
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">compacted
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
to
<em>
output
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
empty:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Create
an
entry
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
item
</em>
in
<em>
value
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
for
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
item
</em>
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Compact
<em>
item
</em>
by
recursively
performing
this
algorithm
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
an
entry
already
exists
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
if
necessary,
and
append
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
mapping
to
<code>
@set
<del class="diff-old">,
create
an
entry
in
output
for
active
property
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">or
if
the
</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-compactArrays"><ins class="diff-chg">
compactArrays
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">and
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">option
is
set
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
convert
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
<del class="diff-old">as
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
</ins>
an
<del class="diff-old">array
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">array.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
create
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Create
</ins>
an
entry
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
return
<em>
element
</em>
as
the
compacted
<em>
element
</em>.
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<span>
Issue
<del class="diff-old">7
</del>
</span>
</div>
<div class="">
Perhaps
this
should
also
call
<a href="#value-compaction">
Value
Compaction
</a>
on
native
types
and
strings,
which
could
consolidate
potential
transformation
in
one
place.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If,
after
the
algorithm
outlined
above
is
run,
the
resulting
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
put
<em>
element
</em>
into
the
<code>
@graph
</code>
property
of
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
and
then
set
<em>
element
</em>
to
that
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
Finally,
add
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property
to
<em>
element
</em>
and
set
it
to
the
initially
passed
<em>
context
</em>.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="flattening">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-new">4.9
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
</ins></h3><p><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document,
</ins><a href="#expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
expanding
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
it,
labeling
all
unlabeled
nodes
with
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-new">
blank
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
identifier,
and
returning
an
array
of
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-new">
nodes
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
defined
in
the
document.
</ins></p><div class="issue"><div class="issue-title"><span><ins class="diff-new">
Issue
</ins></span></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-new">
It
is
still
being
discussed
if
the
flatten()
method
should
be
added
or
not.
See
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-new">
ISSUE-109
</ins></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>
<ins class="diff-new">For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</ins></p><div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 18</span></div><pre class="example">{<ins class="diff-new">
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;knows&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&quot;
  },
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/markus&quot;,
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Markus Lanthaler&quot;,
  &quot;knows&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }
}
</ins></pre>
</div>
<p>
<ins class="diff-chg">Running
the
JSON-LD
Flattening
algorithm
for
the
merged
graph
(
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
)
against
the
JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
in
the
following
output:
</ins></p><div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 19</span></div><pre class="example">[<ins class="diff-chg">
  {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/markus&quot;,
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&quot;: [ { &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;_:t0&quot; } ],
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [ { &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Markus Lanthaler&quot; } ]
  },
  {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;_:t0&quot;,
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [ { &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot; } ]
  }
]
</ins></pre></div><section id="flattening-algorithm"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
4.9.1
</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
Flattening
Algorithm
</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
The
algorithm
takes
two
input
variables,
an
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
flatten
and
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
which
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
definitions
should
be
returned.
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
set,
it
will
default
to
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
which
represents
the
result
of
merging
all
graphs
including
the
default
graph
(
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
).
</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Expand
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
according
the
</ins><a href="#expansion-algorithm"><ins class="diff-chg">
Expansion
Algorithm
</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Generate
a
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
according
the
</ins><a href="#node-map-generation"><ins class="diff-chg">
Node
Map
Generation
Algorithm
</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Initialize
an
empty
array
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
no
property
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
return
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
otherwise
set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
definitions
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
its
value.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Foreach
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
of
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
definitions
</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Add
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Return
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li></ol></section><section id="node-map-generation"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
4.9.2
</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
Node
Map
Generation
</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
The
Node
Map
Generation
algorithm
takes
as
input
an
expanded
JSON-LD
document
and
results
in
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
holding
a
flat
representation
of
the
graphs
and
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
nodes
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
represented
in
the
document.
All
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
nodes
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
that
are
not
uniquely
identified
by
an
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
get
assigned
a
(new)
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
blank
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier.
The
resulting
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
document
will
have
a
property
for
every
graph
in
the
document
whose
value
is
another
object
with
a
property
for
every
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
represented
in
the
document.
While
the
default
graph
is
stored
under
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
and
the
merged
graph
under
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property,
all
other
graphs
are
stored
under
their
respective
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRIs
</ins></a>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
The
algorithm
takes
as
input
the
expanded
JSON-LD
document
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
the
initially
empty
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em>,<code><ins class="diff-chg">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em>.</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
an
array,
process
each
entry
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
recursively,
using
this
algorithm
and
return.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
if
it
has
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property,
then
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
append
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
return.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
exists
and
is
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
its
value,
otherwise
set
it
to
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
blank
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier
created
by
the
</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
algorithm.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
append
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
reference
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
using
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
at
the
value
for
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Let
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodes
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
the
value
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
where
the
key
is
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
;
if
no
such
value
exists,
insert
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
the
key
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodes
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
create
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
with
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
as
the
value
for
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
Let
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
the
value
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodes
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
For
each
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
that
is
not
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
each
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
ordered
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@graph
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
use
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
otherwise
use
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
then
continue.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
is
a
keyword,
merge
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
into
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
then
continue.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
For
each
value
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
in
the
array
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
definition
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
reference
</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
the
property
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
it
does
not
exist,
map
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
a
</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
new
blank
node
identifier
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
avoid
collisions.
If
one
does
not
already
exist,
add
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_reference" href="#dfn-node_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
node
reference
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
into
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
the
property
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
then
recursively
call
this
algorithm
with
the
value
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
and
a
new
array
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
flattenedList
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
Create
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
with
the
property
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
set
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
flattenedList
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
add
it
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
generate
a
</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
new
blank
node
identifier
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
and
add
it
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
add
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
node
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p><ins class="diff-chg">
After
the
above
outlined
algorithm
has
been
executed,
the
node
map
for
all
graphs
including
the
default
graph
are
contained
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
nodeMap
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
To
also
create
the
node
map
for
the
merged
graph,
execute
the
algorithm
again,
but
pass
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>.</p></section><section id="generate-blank-node-identifier"><h4><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-chg">
4.9.3
</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</ins></h4><p><ins class="diff-chg">
This
algorithm
is
used
by
the
</ins><a href="#node-map-generation"><ins class="diff-chg">
Node
Map
Generation
Algorithm
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
deterministically
name
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node"><ins class="diff-chg">
blank
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifiers.
It
uses
a
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier
map
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
prefix
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
takes
a
possibly
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier
and
returns
a
new
identifier
based
on
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
prefix
</ins></em>.</p><p><ins class="diff-chg">
The
variable
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
next
identifier
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
initialized
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
prefix
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
appended
with
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
0
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
The
default
value
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
prefix
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
_:t
</ins></code>.</p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
the
old
identifier
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
and
is
in
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier
map
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
return
the
mapped
identifier.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
if
the
old
identifier
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
create
a
new
entry
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier
map
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
initialized
to
the
current
value
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
next
identifier
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
Increment
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
next
identifier
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
by
adding
one
to
the
integer
suffix.
Return
the
mapped
identifier.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise,
increment
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
next
identifier
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
by
adding
one
to
the
integer
suffix
and
return
its
original
value.
</ins></li></ol></section></section><section id="rdf-conversion">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10
</ins>
</span>
RDF
Conversion
</h3>
<p>
A
JSON-LD
document
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
converted
between
other
RDF-compatible
document
formats
using
the
algorithms
specified
in
this
section.
</p>
<p>
The
JSON-LD
Processing
Model
describes
processing
rules
for
extracting
RDF
from
a
JSON-LD
document,
and
for
transforming
an
array
of
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
retrieved
by
processing
another
serialization
format
into
JSON-LD.
Note
that
many
uses
of
JSON-LD
may
not
require
generation
of
RDF.
</p>
<p>
The
processing
algorithms
described
in
this
section
are
provided
in
order
to
demonstrate
how
one
might
implement
a
JSON-LD
to
RDF
processor.
Conformant
implementations
are
only
required
to
produce
the
same
type
and
number
of
quads
during
the
output
process
and
are
not
required
to
implement
the
algorithm
exactly
as
described.
</p>
<section class="informative" id="overview">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.1
</ins>
</span>
Overview
</h4>
<p>
<em>
This
section
is
non-normative.
</em>
</p>
<p>
JSON-LD
is
intended
to
have
an
easy
to
parse
grammar
that
closely
models
existing
practice
in
using
JSON
for
describing
object
representations.
This
allows
the
use
of
existing
libraries
for
parsing
JSON.
</p>
<p>
As
with
other
grammars
used
for
describing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>,
a
key
concept
is
that
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
Nodes
may
be
of
three
basic
types.
The
first
is
the
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>,
which
is
used
to
refer
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>
s
in
other
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
s.
The
second
is
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>,
which
are
nodes
for
which
an
external
name
does
not
exist,
or
is
not
known.
The
third
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
Literal
</a>,
which
express
values
such
as
strings,
dates
and
other
information
having
a
lexical
form,
possibly
including
an
explicit
language
or
datatype.
</p>
<p>
Data
described
with
JSON-LD
may
be
considered
to
be
a
graph
made
up
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
nodes
</a>
related
via
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node" href="#dfn-node">
node
</a>.
Specific
implementations
may
also
choose
to
operate
on
the
document
as
a
normal
JSON
description
of
objects
having
attributes.
Both
approaches
are
valid
ways
to
interact
with
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
</section>
<section class="informative" id="parsing-examples">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.2
</ins>
</span>
Parsing
Examples
</h4>
<p>
<em>
This
section
is
non-normative.
</em>
</p>
<p>
The
following
examples
show
simple
transformations
of
JSON-LD
documents
to
Turtle
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-TURTLE-TR">
TURTLE-TR
</a>
</cite>
].
</p>
<p>
The
first
example
uses
a
simple
document
containing
a
simple
FOAF
profile:
</p>
<del class="diff-old">{
</del>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 20</span></div><pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {&quot;foaf&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&quot;},
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me&quot;,
  &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;foaf:Person&quot;,
  &quot;foaf:name&quot;: &quot;Gregg Kellogg&quot;,
  &quot;foaf:knows&quot;: {
    &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;foaf:Person&quot;,
    &quot;foaf:name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
This
translates
fairly
directly
to
a
similar
Turtle
document:
</p>
<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt;.
</del>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 21</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt;.
&lt;http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me&gt; a foaf:Person;
  foaf:name &quot;Gregg Kellogg&quot;;
foaf:knows
[
a
foaf:Person;
foaf:name
&quot;Manu
Sporny&quot;].
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
actual
parsing
steps
first
require
that
the
JSON-LD
document
be
expanded,
to
eliminate
the
<code>
@context
</code>:
</p>
<del class="diff-old">[{
</del>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 22</span></div><pre class="example">[{
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me&quot;,
  &quot;@type&quot;: [&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&quot;],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{&quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Gregg Kellogg&quot;}],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&quot;: [{
    &quot;@type&quot;: [&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&quot;],
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{&quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;}]
  }]
}]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
process
of
translating
this
to
RDF
then
operates
over
each
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
definition
</a>
to
find
a
subject,
each
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>
to
find
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="rdf_predicate" href="#dfn-rdf_predicate">
RDF
predicate
<del class="diff-old">,
</del>
</a>,
and
each
value
of
that
property
to
find
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>.
In
this
case,
each
property
has
just
a
single
object:
<code>
foaf:name
</code>
identifies
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>,
and
<code>
foaf:knows
</code>
identifies
a
second
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="node_definition" href="#dfn-node_definition">
<ins class="diff-chg">node
</ins>
definition
</a>
similar
to
Turtle's
<code>
blankNodePropertyList
</code>.
</p>
<p>
After
expansion,
JSON-LD
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
numbers
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
booleans
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">typed-
and
language-tagged-
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
<ins class="diff-chg">typed
</ins>
literals
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
<ins class="diff-new">language-tagged-strings
</ins></a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>
become
explicit,
and
can
be
directly
transformed
into
their
RDF
representations.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">[{
</del>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 23</span></div><pre class="example">[{
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me&quot;,
  &quot;@type&quot;: [&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&quot;],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{&quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Gregg Kellogg&quot;}],
  <span class="diff">&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/currentProject&quot;: [{&quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://json-ld.org/&quot;}],
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/birthday&quot;: [{
    &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;1957-02-27&quot;,
    &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date&quot;
  }],</span>
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows&quot;: [{
    &quot;@type&quot;: [&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person&quot;],
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [{&quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;}]
  }]
}]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Translates
to:
</p>
<del class="diff-old">@prefix foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt;.
</del>
<div class="example"><div class="example-title"><span>Example 24</span></div><pre class="example">@prefix foaf: &lt;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&gt;.
@prefix xsd: &lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&gt;.
&lt;http://greggkellogg.net/foaf#me&gt; a foaf:Person;
  foaf:name &quot;Gregg Kellogg&quot;;
  <span class="diff">foaf:currentProject &lt;http://json-ld.org/&gt;;
  foaf:birthday &quot;1957-02-27&quot;^^xsd:date;</span>
foaf:knows
[
a
foaf:Person;
foaf:name
&quot;Manu
Sporny&quot;].
</pre>
</div>
</section>
<section id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.3
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.3
</ins>
</span>
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
below
is
designed
for
in-memory
implementations
with
random
access
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
elements.
</p>
<p>
A
conforming
JSON-LD
processor
implementing
RDF
conversion
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
implement
a
processing
algorithm
that
results
in
the
same
set
of
RDF
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="quad" href="#dfn-quad">
Quads
</a>
that
the
following
algorithm
generates:
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
five
input
variables:
a
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
converted,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>
are
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
on
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
This
removes
any
existing
context
to
allow
the
given
context
to
be
cleanly
applied.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="processing-step-associative">
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@value
</code>
property:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
number
</a>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
using
a
string
representation
of
the
value
as
defined
in
the
section
<a href="#data-round-tripping">
Data
Round
Tripping
</a>.
Set
datatype
to
the
value
of
the
<code>
@type
</code>
property
if
it
exists,
otherwise
either
<code>
xsd:integer
</code>
or
<code>
xsd:double
</code>,
depending
on
if
the
value
contains
a
fractional
and/or
an
exponential
component.
<div class="issue">
<div class="issue-title">
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/150">
<span>
<ins class="diff-new">Issue
150
</ins></span></a></div><p class=""><ins class="diff-new">
It
is
being
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/150"><ins class="diff-new">
discussed
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
if
the
automatic
mapping
of
JSON-native
types
to
the
XSD
type
system
should
be
configurable
or
not.
</ins></p></div>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>
is
<strong>
true
</strong>
or
<strong>
false
</strong>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
created
from
the
string
representation
of
the
value.
Set
datatype
to
the
value
of
the
<code>
@type
</code>
property
if
it
exists,
otherwise
<code>
xsd:boolean
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
contains
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
contains
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language-tagged_string" href="#dfn-language-tagged_string">
language-tagged
<del class="diff-old">literal
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">string
</ins>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
using
<code>
xsd:string
</code>
as
the
datatype.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@list
</code>
property
the
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
Process
its
value
as
a
list
as
described
in
<a href="#list-conversion">
List
Conversion
</a>
using
the
return
value
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
</li>
<li>
If
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
neither
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
nor
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
representing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="processing-step-subject">
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property,
the
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
to
the
previously
expanded
value
(either
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
or
an
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>
).
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
does
not
have
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
to
newly
generated
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element
</em>,
ordered
by
<em>
property
</em>,
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@type
</code>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
<code>
rdf:type
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@graph
</code>,
process
<em>
value
</em>
algorithm
recursively,
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>
and
null
values
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
then
proceed
to
next
property.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
skip
this
step.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
value
of
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Process
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
value
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
as
follows,
process
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
using
copies
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
then
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
must
be
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
so
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
an
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
any
of
these
steps
created
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
and
neither
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
nor
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="list-conversion">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.4
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.4
</ins>
</span>
List
Conversion
</h4>
<p>
List
Conversion
is
the
process
of
taking
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
of
values
and
adding
them
to
a
newly
created
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
RDF
Collection
</a>
</cite>
(see
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
RDF-SCHEMA
</a>
</cite>
])
by
linking
each
element
of
the
list
using
<code>
rdf:first
</code>
and
<code>
rdf:next
</code>,
terminating
the
list
with
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>
using
the
following
sequence:
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
is
invoked
with
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
<em>
array
</em>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
returns
a
value
to
be
used
as
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
in
the
calling
location.
</p>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<div class="">
This
algorithm
does
not
support
lists
containing
lists.
</div>
</div>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
array
</em>
is
empty
return
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
using
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
a
newly
generated
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
identified
as
<em>
first
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
element
in
<em>
array
</em>
other
than
the
last
element:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
a
processor
state
using
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
and
<code>
rdf:first
</code>
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Process
the
value
starting
at
<a href="#processing-step-associative">
Step
1
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Proceed
using
the
previous
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Unless
this
is
the
last
element
in
<em>
array
</em>,
generate
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
identified
as
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>,
otherwise
use
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Generate
a
new
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
using
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>,
<code>
rdf:rest
</code>
and
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>
to
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.9.5
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">4.10.5
</ins>
</span>
Convert
from
RDF
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
In
some
cases,
data
exists
natively
in
Triples
or
Quads
form;
for
example,
if
the
data
was
originally
represented
in
an
RDF
graph
or
triple/quad
store.
This
algorithm
is
designed
to
simply
translate
an
array
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Quad" href="#idl-def-Quad">
<code>
Quads
</code>
</a>
into
a
JSON-LD
document.
</p>
<p>
When
expanding
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
values
having
a
datatype
of
<code>
xsd:string
</code>,
the
<code>
@type
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
be
set
to
<code>
xsd:string
</code>
and
the
resulting
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
only
a
<code>
@value
</code>
property.
</p>
<p>
The
conversion
algorithm
takes
a
single
parameter
<em>
input
</em>
in
the
form
of
an
array
of
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
Quad
</code>
</a>
representations.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="new_graph">
Construct
<em>
defaultGraph
</em>
as
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
</ins>
</em>
and
<em>
listMap
</em>,
each
an
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Construct
<em>
graphs
</em>
as
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
<em>
defaultGraph
</em>
identified
by
an
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
quad
in
<em>
input
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<em>
graph
</em>
to
the
entry
in
<em>
graphs
</em>
identified
by
<em>
name
</em>,
initializing
it
to
a
new
entry
using
the
mechanism
described
in
<a href="#new_graph">
Step
1
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:first
</code>,
use
the
entry
in
<em>
graph.listMap
</em>
indexed
by
<em>
subject
</em>,
initializing
it
to
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
if
nesessary.
Represent
<em>
object
</em>
in
expanded
form,
as
described
in
<a href="#value-expansion">
Value
Expansion
</a>.
Add
the
resulting
<em>
object
representation
</em>
to
the
entry
indexed
by
<em>
first
</em>,
and
skip
to
the
next
quad.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:rest
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
object
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>,
use
the
entry
in
<em>
graph.listMap
</em>
indexed
by
<em>
subject
</em>,
initializing
it
to
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
if
necessary.
Add
the
<em>
nominalValue
</em>
of
<em>
object
</em>
to
the
entry
indexed
by
<em>
rest
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Skip
to
the
next
quad.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
name
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.nodes
</ins>
</em>
does
not
contain
an
entry
for
<em>
name
</em>,
create
a
new
entry
for
<em>
name
</em>
from
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
key/value
pair
of
<code>
@id
</code>
and
a
string
representation
of
<em>
name
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
value
</em>
as
the
entry
from
<em>
<del class="diff-old">graph.subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph.nodes
</ins>
</em>
for
<em>
subject
</em>,
initializing
it
to
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
key/value
pair
of
<code>
@id
</code>
and
a
string
representation
of
<em>
subject
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
and
the
<del class="diff-old">notType
</del>
<code class="idlMemberName">
<a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useRdfType">
<ins class="diff-chg">useRdfType
</ins></a></code>
option
is
<del class="diff-old">present
and
</del>
not
<del class="diff-old">true
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">present
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins>
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Append
the
string
representation
of
<em>
object
</em>
to
the
array
value
for
the
key
<code>
@type
</code>,
creating
an
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
object
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-new">
typed
literal
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
and
the
</ins><code class="idlMemberName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdOptions-useNativeTypes"><ins class="diff-new">
useNativeTypes
</ins></a></code><ins class="diff-new">
option
is
set
to
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-new">
true
</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
Generate
a
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
If
the
literal's
type
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:boolean
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-new">
true
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
if
the
literal
matches
the
value
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
true
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false"><ins class="diff-new">
false
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
if
the
literal
matches
the
value
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
false
</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
If
the
literal's
type
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:integer
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
or
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:double
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
try
to
convert
the
literal
to
a
JSON
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
number
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
If
the
conversion
is
successful,
store
the
result
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
otherwise
set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
Otherwise,
do
not
perform
a
conversion.
Set
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
Append
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
converted
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
the
array
value
for
the
key,
creating
an
entry
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
if
necessary.
</ins></li></ol></li><li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
object
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Let
<em>
key
</em>
be
the
string
representation
of
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Append
an
empty
<code>
@list
</code>
representation
to
the
array
value
for
<em>
key
</em>,
creating
an
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Let
<em>
key
</em>
be
the
string
representation
of
<em>
property
</em>
and
let
<em>
object
representation
</em>
be
<em>
object
</em>
represented
in
expanded
form
as
described
in
<a href="#value-expansion">
Value
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
object
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>,
use
the
entry
in
<em>
graph.listMap
</em>
indexed
by
<em>
object
</em>,
initializing
it
to
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
if
nesessary.
Add
an
entry
for
<em>
head
</em>
with
<em>
object
representation
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Append
<em>
object
representation
</em>
to
the
array
value
for
<em>
key
</em>,
creating
an
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
name
</em>
and
<em>
graph
</em>
in
<em>
graphs
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
For
each
<em>
subject
</em>
and
<em>
entry
</em>
in
<em>
graph
</em>
where
<em>
entry
</em>
has
both
<em>
head
</em>
and
<em>
first
</em>
keys:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<em>
value
</em>
to
the
value
of
<em>
head
</em>
in
<em>
entry
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Remove
the
entry
for
<code>
@id
</code>
in
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Add
an
entry
to
<em>
value
</em>
for
<code>
@list
</code>
initialized
to
a
new
array
containing
the
value
of
<em>
first
</em>
from
<em>
entry
</em>.
</li>
<li>
While
<em>
entry
</em>
has
a
key
for
<em>
rest
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<em>
entry
</em>
to
the
value
of
<em>
graph.listMap
</em>
for
<em>
entry.rest
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Add
the
value
for
<em>
entry.first
</em>
to
the
list
array.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Create
<em>
array
</em>
as
an
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
subject
</em>
and
<em>
entry
</em>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">defaultGraph.subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.nodes
</ins>
</em>
ordered
by
<em>
subject
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Add
<em>
entry
</em>
to
<em>
array
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
graphs
</em>
has
an
entry
for
<em>
subject
</em>,
add
a
property
<code>
@graph
</code>
in
<em>
entry
</em>
containing
the
ordered
entries
from
<em>
<del class="diff-old">graphs[subject].subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graphs[subject].nodes
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Return
<em>
array
</em>
as
the
result.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="data-round-tripping">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
5.
</span>
Data
Round
Tripping
</h2>
<p>
When
<del class="diff-old">coercing
</del>
<a href="#rdf-conversion">
<ins class="diff-chg">converting
JSON-LD
to
RDF
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON-native
types
such
as
</ins><em>
numbers
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">and
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
booleans
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
are
automatically
coerced
</ins>
to
<strong>
xsd:integer
<del class="diff-old">or
</del>
</strong>,
<strong>
xsd:double
<del class="diff-old">as
it,
e.g.,
happens
during
RDF
Conversion
,
implementers
</del>
</strong>,
<ins class="diff-chg">or
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:boolean
</ins></strong>.<ins class="diff-chg">
Implementers
</ins>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
ensure
that
the
result
is
a
canonical
lexical
form
in
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
A
<dfn title="canonical_lexical_form" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_form">
canonical
lexical
form
</dfn>
is
a
set
of
literals
from
among
the
valid
set
of
literals
for
a
datatype
such
that
there
is
a
one-to-one
mapping
between
the
canonical
lexical
form
and
a
value
in
the
value
space
as
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA11-2">
XMLSCHEMA11-2
</a>
</cite>
<del class="diff-old">]].
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">].
</ins>
In
other
words,
every
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
converted
to
a
deterministic
string
representation.
</p>
<p>
The
canonical
lexical
form
of
an
<em>
integer
</em>,
i.e.,
a
number
without
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
<strong>
xsd:integer
</strong>,
is
a
finite-length
sequence
of
decimal
digits
(
<code>
0-9
</code>
)
with
an
optional
leading
minus
sign;
leading
zeroes
are
prohibited.
To
convert
the
number
in
JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
the
following
snippet
of
code:
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="example-title">
<span>
Example
<del class="diff-old">23
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">25
</ins>
</span>
</div>
<pre class="example">
(value).toFixed(0).toString()
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The
canonical
lexical
form
of
a
<em>
double
</em>,
i.e.,
a
number
with
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
<strong>
xsd:double
</strong>,
consists
of
a
mantissa
followed
by
the
character
&quot;E&quot;,
followed
by
an
exponent.
The
mantissa
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
decimal
number.
The
exponent
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
integer.
Leading
zeroes
and
a
preceding
plus
sign
(
<code>
+
</code>
)
are
prohibited
in
the
exponent.
If
the
exponent
is
zero,
it
must
be
indicated
by
<code>
E0
</code>.
For
the
mantissa,
the
preceding
optional
plus
sign
is
prohibited
and
the
decimal
point
is
required.
Leading
and
trailing
zeroes
are
prohibited
subject
to
the
following:
number
representations
must
be
normalized
such
that
there
is
a
single
digit
which
is
non-zero
to
the
left
of
the
decimal
point
and
at
least
a
single
digit
to
the
right
of
the
decimal
point
unless
the
value
being
represented
is
zero.
The
canonical
representation
for
zero
is
<code>
0.0E0
</code>.
<strong>
<ins class="diff-new">xsd:double
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
's
value
space
is
defined
by
the
IEEE
double-precision
64-bit
floating
point
type
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985"><ins class="diff-new">
IEEE-754-1985
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
];
in
JSON-LD
the
mantissa
is
rounded
to
15
digits
after
the
decimal
point.
</ins></p><p>
To
convert
the
number
in
JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
the
following
snippet
of
code:
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="example-title">
<span>
Example
<del class="diff-old">24
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">26
</ins>
</span>
</div>
<pre class="example">
<del class="diff-old">(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">(value).toExponential(15).replace(/(\d)0*e\+?/,'$1E')
</ins>
</pre>
</div>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
's
value
space
is
defined
by
the
IEEE
double-precision
64-bit
floating
point
type
[
IEEE-754-1985
].
</del>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
When
data
such
as
decimals
need
to
be
normalized,
JSON-LD
authors
should
not
use
values
that
are
going
to
undergo
automatic
conversion.
This
is
due
to
the
lossy
nature
of
<strong>
xsd:double
</strong>
values.
Authors
should
instead
use
the
expanded
object
form
to
set
the
canonical
lexical
form
directly.
</p>
</div>
<del class="diff-old">Note
</del>
<p>
<ins class="diff-chg">The
canonical
lexical
form
of
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
boolean
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
values
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
are
the
strings
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></strong>.</p><p>
When
JSON-native
<del class="diff-old">datatypes,
like
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number">
number
</a>
s,
are
type
coerced,
lossless
data
round-tripping
can
not
be
<del class="diff-old">guaranted.
Consider
the
following
code
example:
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">guaranted
as
rounding
errors
might
occur.
Additionally,
only
literals
typed
as
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:integer
</ins></strong>,<strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:double
</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:boolean
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
are
automatically
converted
back
to
their
JSON-native
counterparts
in
when
</ins><a href="#rdf-conversion"><ins class="diff-chg">
converting
from
RDF
</ins></a>.
</p>
<div class="issue">
<del class="diff-old">var myObj1 = {
               &quot;@context&quot;: {
                 &quot;number&quot;: {
                   &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/vocab#number&quot;,

                 }
               },
               &quot;number&quot; :
             };
</del>
<div class="issue-title">
<del class="diff-old">// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
</del>
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/150">
<del class="diff-old">// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
var
myObj2
=
jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
</del>
<span>
<ins class="diff-chg">Issue
150
</ins></span></a>
</div>
<del class="diff-old">At
this
point,
myObj1
and
myObj2
will
have
different
values
for
the
&quot;number&quot;
property.
myObj1
will
have
</del>
<p class="">
<ins class="diff-chg">It
is
being
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/150"><ins class="diff-chg">
discussed
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
if
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">number
42
,
while
myObj2
have
an
object
consisting
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">automatic
mapping
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">@value
set
to
the
string
&quot;42&quot;
and
@type
set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-native
types
</ins>
to
the
<del class="diff-old">expanded
value
of
xsd:nonNegativeInteger
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">XSD
type
system
should
be
configurable
or
not.
</ins>
</p>
</div>
<div class="note">
<div class="note-title">
<span>
Note
</span>
</div>
<p class="">
Some
JSON
serializers,
such
as
PHP's
native
implementation
in
some
versions,
backslash-escape
the
forward
slash
character.
For
example,
the
value
<code>
http://example.com/
</code>
would
be
serialized
as
<code>
http:\/\/example.com\/
</code>.
This
is
problematic
as
other
JSON
parsers
might
not
understand
those
escaping
characters.
There
is
no
need
to
backslash-escape
forward
slashes
in
JSON-LD.
To
aid
interoperability
between
JSON-LD
processors,
a
JSON-LD
serializer
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
backslash-escape
forward
slashes.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section class="appendix" id="acknowledgements">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
A.
</span>
<del class="diff-old">Initial
Context
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Acknowledgements
</ins>
</h2>
<del class="diff-old">Issue
8
It
is
still
being
discussed
whether
JSON-LD
has
the
notion
</del>
<p>
<ins class="diff-chg">A
large
amount
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">an
initial
context
or
not.
If
JSON-LD
has
an
initial
context,
it
must
be
specified
external
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">thanks
goes
out
</ins>
to
the
JSON-LD
<del class="diff-old">Syntax
specification
at
a
well-known
location.
B.
Acknowledgements
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Community
Group
participants
who
worked
through
many
of
the
technical
issues
on
the
mailing
list
and
the
weekly
telecons
-
of
special
mention
are
Niklas
Lindström,
François
Daoust,
and
Zdenko
'Denny'
Vrandečić.
</ins>
The
editors
would
like
to
thank
Mark
Birbeck,
who
provided
a
great
deal
of
the
initial
push
behind
the
JSON-LD
work
via
his
work
on
<del class="diff-old">RDFj,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">RDFj.
The
work
of
</ins>
Dave
Lehn
and
Mike
Johnson
<del class="diff-old">who
reviewed,
provided
feedback,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">are
appreciated
for
reviewing,
</ins>
and
<del class="diff-old">performed
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">performing
</ins>
several
implementations
of
the
<del class="diff-old">specification,
and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">specification.
</ins>
Ian
<del class="diff-old">Davis,
who
created
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Davis
is
thanked
for
this
work
on
</ins>
RDF/JSON.
Thanks
also
to
Nathan
Rixham,
Bradley
P.
Allen,
Kingsley
Idehen,
Glenn
McDonald,
Alexandre
Passant,
Danny
Ayers,
Ted
Thibodeau
Jr.,
Olivier
Grisel,
Josh
Mandel,
Eric
Prud'hommeaux,
David
Wood,
Guus
Schreiber,
Pat
Hayes,
Sandro
Hawke,
and
Richard
Cyganiak
for
their
input
on
the
specification.
</p>
</section>
<section id="references" class="appendix">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">C.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">B.
</ins>
</span>
References
</h2>
<section id="normative-references">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">C.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">B.1
</ins>
</span>
Normative
references
</h3>
<dl class="bibliography">
<dt id="bib-BCP47">
[BCP47]
</dt>
<dd>
A.
Phillips;
M.
Davis.
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
<cite>
Tags
for
Identifying
Languages
</cite>
</a>
September
2009.
IETF
Best
Current
Practice.
URL:
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47">
http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
[IEEE-754-1985]
</dt>
<dd>
IEEE.
<cite>
IEEE
Standard
for
Binary
Floating-Point
Arithmetic.
</cite>
See
<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
[JSON-LD]
</dt>
<dd>
<cite>
<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/">
The
JSON-LD
Syntax
</a>
</cite>
Manu
Sporny,
Gregg
Kellogg,
Markus
Lanthaler
Editors.
World
Wide
Web
Consortium
(work
in
progress).
22
May
2012.
Editor's
Draft.
This
edition
of
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
specification
is
http://json-ld.org/spec/ED/json-ld-syntax/20120522/.
The
<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
latest
edition
of
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
</a>
is
available
at
http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
</dd>
<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
[JSON-POINTER]
</dt>
<dd>
<cite>
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">
JSON
Pointer
</a>
</cite>
P.
Bryan,
Ed.
IETF
Draft.
URL:
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02">
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-02
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
[RDF-CONCEPTS]
</dt>
<dd>
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/">
RDF
1.1
Concepts
and
Abstract
Syntax
</a>
</cite>
Richard
Cyganiak,
David
Wood,
Editors.
World
Wide
Web
Consortium
(work
in
progress).
30
May
2012.
Editor's
Draft.
This
edition
of
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
specification
is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-rdf11-concepts-20110830/.
The
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/">
latest
edition
of
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
</a>
is
available
at
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
[RDF-SCHEMA]
</dt>
<dd>
Dan
Brickley;
Ramanathan
V.
Guha.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
<cite>
RDF
Vocabulary
Description
Language
1.0:
RDF
Schema.
</cite>
</a>
10
February
2004.
W3C
Recommendation.
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
[RFC3986]
</dt>
<dd>
T.
Berners-Lee;
R.
Fielding;
L.
Masinter.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
<cite>
Uniform
Resource
Identifier
(URI):
Generic
Syntax.
</cite>
</a>
January
2005.
Internet
RFC
3986.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
[RFC3987]
</dt>
<dd>
M.
Dürst;
M.
Suignard.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
<cite>
Internationalized
Resource
Identifiers
(IRIs).
</cite>
</a>
January
2005.
Internet
RFC
3987.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
[RFC4627]
</dt>
<dd>
D.
Crockford.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
<cite>
The
application/json
Media
Type
for
JavaScript
Object
<del class="diff-old">Notation
(JSON)
July
2006.
Internet
RFC
4627.
URL:
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
[WEBIDL]
Web
IDL
Cameron
McCormack,
Editor.
World
Wide
Web
Consortium.
19
April
2012.
Candidate
Recommendataion.
This
edition
of
Web
IDL
is
http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/.
The
latest
edition
of
Web
IDL
is
available
at
http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/
[XMLSCHEMA11-2]
Henry
S.
Thompson;
et
al.
W3C
XML
Schema
Definition
Language
(XSD)
1.1
Part
2:
Datatypes.
5
April
2012.
W3C
Recommendation
URL:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-xmlschema11-2-20120405/
C.2
Informative
references
[ECMA-262]
ECMAScript
Language
Specification.
December
1999.
URL:
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
[TURTLE-TR]
Eric
Prud'hommeaux,
Gavin
Carothers.
Turtle:
Terse
RDF
Triple
Language.
09
August
2011.
W3C
Working
Dr
</del>

